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Transporters and Pumps in Plant Signaling

:	Markus Geisler, Kees Venema
:	Markus Geisler, Kees Venema
:	Transporters and Pumps in Plant Signaling
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783642143694
:	1
:	CHF 132.90
:

:	Botanik
:	English

:	388
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Due to their sessile lifestyle, plants need to efficiently adapt to changing environmental conditions during their life cycle. Nutrient acquisition from the soil has to be able to adapt to considerable fluctuations in concentrations to ensure adequate distribution between tissues, cells and organelles. The storage and retrieval of nutrients, metabolites or toxic substances in vacuoles plays an important part in cellular homeostasis in plants. The long-range transport and maintenance of turgor is critically dependent on the availability of water and rate of evaporation, while at the same time photosynthetic products have to be transported to all plant parts. As a result plants contain a large number of ATP-dependent pumps and secondary transporters that, in order to adapt to the changing environment, need to be regulated by a complex network of sensing and signaling mechanisms. Plants share many basic elements of signal transduction with animals, but also contain plant-specific signaling molecules and mechanisms. In this volume, the role of transporters and pumps in the regulation of movement, long-range transport and compartmentalization of water, solutes, nutrients and classical signaling molecules is highlighted, and the function, regulation and membrane-transporter interaction and their roles in plant signaling controlling plant physiology and development are discussed.

	Transporters and Pumps in Plant Signaling	3
	Preface	5
	Contents	7
	Part I: Membranes and Water Transport	9
	Plant Aquaporins: Roles in Water Homeostasis, Nutrition, and Signaling Processes	10
	1 Introduction	10
	2 Plant Aquaporins	12
	2.1 Plasma Membrane Intrinsic Proteins	12
	2.2 Tonoplast Intrinsic Proteins	13
	2.3 Small Basic Intrinsic Proteins	14
	2.4 Nodulin26-Like Intrinsic Proteins	16
	2.5 X Intrinsic Proteins	17
	2.6 Hybrid Intrinsic Proteins	17
	2.7 GlpF-Like Intrinsic Proteins	17
	3 Structural Features of Major Intrinsic Proteins	18
	3.1 Aquaporin Structure	18
	3.2 Aromatic/Arginine (ar/R) Constriction Region	19
	3.3 Oligomer Formation	19
	4 Why Do Plants Contain So Many MIP Isoforms?	21
	4.1 MIP Function Related to Water Transport	22
	4.2 MIP Function Related to Nitric Oxide Transport	23
	4.3 MIP Function Related to Ammonia Transport	24
	4.4 MIP Function Related to Urea Transport	25
	4.5 MIP Function Related to Carbon Dioxide Transport	26
	4.6 MIP Function Related to Hydrogen Peroxide Transport	27
	4.7 MIP Function Related to Organic Acid Transport	28
	4.8 MIP Function Related to Glycerol Transport	29
	4.9 MIP Function Related to Boric Acid Transport	30
	4.10 MIP Function Related to Silicic Acid Transport	31
	4.11 MIP Function Related to Arsenite/Antimonite Transport	31
	5 Conclusion	33
	References	33
	Part II: Signaling Related to Ion Transport	44
	Plant Proton Pumps: Regulatory Circuits Involving H+-ATPase and H+-PPase	45
	1 P-Type H+-ATPases	45
	1.1 Arabidopsis Encodes 11 Members of H+-ATPases	46
	1.2 Mechanism of Activation by 14-3-3 Proteins	47
	1.3 Phosphoproteomic Studies of Plasma Membrane H+-ATPases	48
	1.4 Controlling the Size of the Stomatal Pore	49
	1.4.1 Opening of Guard Cells	49
	1.4.2 Closure of Guard Cells	50
	1.4.3 Pathogens Modulate the H+ Pumps to Invade Plants Through the Stomatal Pore	50
	1.5 PKS5: A Protein Kinase Preventing Binding of 14-3-3 Protein	51
	1.5.1 ScaBP1: A Calcium Binding Protein Modulating PKS5 Action	51
	1.5.2 DnaJ: A Chaperone Like Protein Repressing PKS5 Activity	52
	1.6 Nutrient Uptake and Responses to Changes in the Soil	52
	1.6.1 Response to Limited Phosphate	53
	2 Plant H+-PPases	53
	2.1 Vacuolar H+-PPases in Fruits	55
	2.2 Vacuolar H+-PPase Is a Key Player for Plant Salt Tolerance	56
	2.3 Vacuolar H+-PPases in Maize Aleurone	56
	2.4 Subcellular Localization of Plant H+-PPases	57
	2.5 Are There Other H+-PPases in Plants?	58
	2.6 Transcriptional Regulation of H+-PPases	58
	2.6.1 Sugar Starvation	59
	2.6.2 Pi Starvation	60
	2.7 Puzzling Phenotypes Triggered by Altering the Expression of H+-PPases in Plants	60
	2.8 Could the H+-PPase Affect Sucrose Phloem Loading?	61
	2.8.1 PPi Concentrations Are Essential for Sucrose Phloem Loading	61
	2.8.2 H+-PPase and H+-ATPase Localize in Close Proximity at the PM of Sieve Elements	61
	2.8.3 Hypothetical Model	62
	References	63
	Na+ and K+ Transporters in Plant Signaling	71
	1 Introduction	72
	2 K+ Transport	72
	2.1 K+ Uptake from Diluted Solutions and Plant Signaling	73
	2.2 Transcriptional Regulation of High-Affinity HAK Transporters	74
	2.3 Regulation of AKT1 Channels by Phosphorylation/Dephosphorylation	78
	3 Sodium Transport	80
	3.1 Sodium Influx at the Plasma Membrane	80
	3.2 Sodium Efflux and Long-Distance Transport	the SOS System85
	3.3 Transport at the Tonoplast for Na+ Sequestration	91
	4 Concluding Remarks	94
	References	95
	Iron Transport and Signaling in Plants	105
	1 Introduction	105
	2 Fe Transport and Signaling in Yeast and Mammalian Cells	106
	2.1 A Brief Overview of Fe Transport and Signaling in Yeast	106
	2.2 A Brief Overview of Fe Transport and Signaling in Mammals	107
	3 Fe Transport Systems in Plant Cells	108
	3.1 Fe Uptake	108
	3.1.1 Strategy I	108
	3.1.2 Strategy II	110
	3.2 Intracellular Fe Distribution	111
	3.2.1 Vacuole	112
	3.2.2 Chloroplast	113
	3.2.3 Mitochondria	114
	3.2.4 Other Compartments	114
	3.3 Long-Distance Transport	115
	3.3.1 Xylem Transport	115
	3.3.2 Phloem Transport	115
	4 Mechanisms of the Regulation of Fe Uptake in Plants	116
	4.1 Transcriptional Control of Fe Uptake in Strategy I Plants	116
	4.2 Post-transcriptional Control of Fe Acquisition Mechanisms in Strategy I Plants	118
	4.3 Transcriptional Control of Fe Uptake in Strategy II Plants	119
	5 Local Versus Long-Distance Regulation	121
	6 Hormonal Signals	123
	6.1 Ethylene	124
	6.2 Cytokinins	125
	6.3 Nitric Oxide	125
	7 Diurnal Regulation and Control by the Circadian Clock	127
	8 Conclusion	128
	References	129
	Ca2+ Pumps and Ca2+ Antiporters in Plant Development	138
	1 Introduction	138
	2 Ca2+-ATPases	141
	2.1 Characteristics of Type 2A Ca2+-ATPases (ECAs)	142
	2.2 Characteristics of Type 2B Ca2+-ATPases (ACAs)	143
	2.3 Physiological Role of Ca2+-ATPases	148
	3