| The Inequality Puzzle | 3 |
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| Preface | 5 |
| Contents | 7 |
| Part 1: Introduction | 9 |
| Is There Too Much Inequality? | 10 |
| Part 2: Interviews | 18 |
| Josef Ackermann CEO and Chairman, Deutsche Bank | 19 |
| Bertrand Collomb Honorary Chairman, Lafarge | 27 |
| Gabriele Galateri di Genola Chairman, Telecom Italia | 44 |
| Jürgen Hambrecht Chairman, BASF | 53 |
| Maurice Lévy Chairman and CEO, Publicis | 62 |
| John Monks General Secretary, European Trade Union Confederation | 72 |
| Sir Mark Moody-Stuart Former Chairman, Anglo American | Former Chairman, Shell |
| Poul Nyrup Rasmussen President, Party of European Socialists | Former Prime Minister, Denmark |
| Fred Smith Chairman, President and CEO, FedEx | 106 |
| John Sweeney President Emeritus, AFL-CIO | 119 |
| William Weld Partner, McDermott Will | 119 |
| Former Governor, Massachusetts | 126 |
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| James Wolfensohn Chairman and CEO, Wolfensohn | 126 |
| Former President, The World Bank | 133 |
| Jerry Yang Co-Founder and Chief Yahoo, Yahoo! | 145 |
| Part 3: Summary | 153 |
| Trends and Topics from the Interviews | 154 |
| Observations | 154 |
| Financial Crisis Draws Attention to Inequality | 154 |
| Excess, Not Inequality, Is the Concern | 156 |
| The Public, Perception, and the Media | 158 |
| Categories of Wealth (Not All Money Is Equal) | 159 |
| Causes | 160 |
| Ethics | 160 |
| Psychology, Peer Groups, and Pay | 162 |
| Pay Transparency | 162 |
| Mobility and Reduced Loyalty | 162 |
| Limitations of Financial Incentives | 163 |
| Pay Conflated with Status | 163 |
| Equal Opportunity Failings | 164 |
| Remedies | 166 |
| Ethical Reform | 166 |
| Improve Equal Opportunity | 167 |
| Mentoring | 169 |
| Corporate Equal Opportunity | 169 |
| Targeted Investment | 169 |
| Compensation Reform and Corporate Governance | 170 |
| Transparency | 170 |
| Limits on Pay Not Recommended | 171 |
| Taxation to Control Excess Compensation | 172 |
| Variable Long-Term Pay Based on Real Results | 172 |
| Shareholder Participation | 173 |
| Level Playing Field | 174 |
| Government Policy, Tax, and Regulatory Reform | 174 |
| Other Suggestions to Strengthen the Disadvantaged | 175 |
| A View from the Top | 176 |
| Is Rising Inequality a Problem? | 176 |
| What Caused the Rise in Inequality? | 180 |
| How Might Inequality Be Remedied? | 184 |
| Conclusions | 187 |
| Part 4: Commentary | 189 |
| Five Principles for Moving Forward | 190 |
| 1. Inequality: General Observations | 190 |
| Statistics | 190 |
| Culture | 191 |
| Globalization and Economic Growth | 192 |
| Democracy and Fairness | 194 |
| 2. What to Do: Recommendations | 196 |
| Ensure Equality of Opportunity (Equal Opportunities, Not Equality of Outcome) | 196 |
| Early Childhood Education | 198 |
| Vocational Education and Training | 198 |
| Diversity | 200 |
| Improve Social Mobility | 200 |
| Advocate Ethical Behavior | 202 |
| Rethink Compensation in Terms of Corporate Governance | 203 |
| Balance Taxation Intelligently | 205 |
| Can Inequality Be Reduced by Building Better Markets? | 207 |
| Education and Market Failure | 211 |
| Executive Pay and Market Failure | 215 |
| Conclusion | 218 |
| About the Authors | 220 |
| Partnering Institutions | 221 |
| Roland Berger Foundation | 221 |
| Stanford Center for the Study of Poverty and Inequality | 221 |