| Foreword to the Second Edition | 5 |
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| Foreword to the First Edition | 7 |
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| Preface to the Second Edition | 8 |
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| Preface to the First Edition | 9 |
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| Contents | 10 |
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| Contributors | 15 |
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| Part I Introductory Issues | 18 |
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| 1 Indications and General Oncologic Principles | 19 |
| Oncologic Principles | 19 |
| Indications for Diagnostic Laparoscopy | 20 |
| Immunologic Consequences of the Surgical Approach | 22 |
| Specific Organ Sites | 23 |
| Pancreatic Malignancy | 23 |
| Gastric Cancer | 24 |
| Esophageal Cancer | 24 |
| Gallbladder Cancer | 24 |
| References | 25 |
| 2 Cancer Biology Relating to Minimal Access Management | 27 |
| Systemic Effects of Minimally Invasive Surgery | 28 |
| Effects of Minimally Invasive Surgery on Systemic Cytokines | 29 |
| Effects of Minimally Invasive Surgery on Systemic Immunity | 30 |
| B Cells and Neutrophils | 30 |
| T Cells | 31 |
| Monocytes/Macrophages and Dendritic Cells | 31 |
| Natural Killer Cells | 31 |
| Intraperitoneal Oncologic Effects | 32 |
| Tumor Cell Shedding from the Primary Tumor | 32 |
| Tumor Cell Dissemination Within the Peritoneal Cavity | 33 |
| Local Surgical Factors in Port Site Recurrence | 34 |
| Effect of Pneumoperitoneum on Intraperitoneal Tumor Growth | 34 |
| Effect of Pneumoperitoneum on Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells | 34 |
| Effect of Pneumoperitoneum on Peritoneal Immune Cells | 35 |
| Conclusion | 37 |
| References | 37 |
| 3 Pneumoperitoneum: Metabolicand Mechanical Effects | 44 |
| Historical Concepts | 44 |
| Current Concepts | 45 |
| Environmental Effects | 46 |
| Intravascular Effects | 47 |
| Immunologic Alterations | 48 |
| Mechanical Effects | 48 |
| Conclusion | 48 |
| References | 49 |
| 4 Energy Sources in Laparoscopy | 50 |
| Introduction | 50 |
| Electrosurgery | 50 |
| Electrosurgery Defined | 51 |
| Applications of Electrosurgery | 51 |
| Therapeutic Applications of Electrosurgery | 52 |
| Argon Beam Coagulation | 53 |
| Complications | 53 |
| Pacemakers and Electrosurgery | 54 |
| Ultrasonic Energy | 54 |
| Harmonic | 54 |
| LigaSure | 55 |
| EnSeal | 57 |
| Radiofrequency Energy | 57 |
| Conclusion | 58 |
| References | 58 |
| 5 Biopsy and Staging: Technical Issues | 60 |
| Rationale | 60 |
| Operating Room Setup | 61 |
| Technical Issues | 62 |
| Biopsy Techniques Following Standard Staging Laparoscopy | 65 |
| Peritoneal Lavage for Cytological Analysis | 65 |
| Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) | 65 |
| Pinch Biopsy/Scrape Biopsy | 65 |
| Cup Biopsy | 65 |
| Core Biopsy and Laparoscopic Ultrasound Guidance | 66 |
| Incisional Biopsy | 66 |
| Excisional Biopsy | 66 |
| Lymph Node Biopsy | 67 |
| Sentinel Node Biopsy | 67 |
| References | 68 |
| 6 Ultrasound Techniques in Minimally Invasive Oncologic Surgery | 69 |
| Introduction | 69 |
| Basic Equipment and Operating Room Setup for Laparoscopic Ultrasound | 70 |
| Basic Techniques of Laparoscopic Ultrasound Examination | 70 |
| Laparoscopic Ultrasound for Hepatobiliary Neoplasms | 71 |
| Techniques for Laparoscopic Ultrasound Exam of the Biliary Tree | 71 |
| Techniques for Laparoscopic Ultrasound Exam of the Liver | 72 |
| Specific Applications and Results of Laparoscopic Ultrasound for Hepatobiliary Tumors | 73 |
| Staging of Primary and Secondary Liver Tumors | 73 |
| Ultrasound Guidance of Liver Biopsy, Ablation, and Resection | 74 |
| Techniques for Laparoscopic Ultrasound of the Pancreas | 76 |
| Specific Applications and Results of Laparoscopic Ultrasound for Pancreatic Neoplasms | 77 |
| Staging of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma | 77 |
| Localization and Resection of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors | 78 |
| Evaluation and Resection of Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas | 78 |
| Laparoscopic Ultrasound for Other Neoplasms | 79 |
| Techniques for Laparoscopic Ultrasound Examination of Lymph Nodes | 79 |
| Specific Applications of Laparoscopic Ultrasound to Other Neoplasms | 79 |
| Esophagus and Stomach | 79 |
| Adrenal Gland and Kidney | 80 |
| Future of Ultrasound in Minimally Invasive Surgery | 80 |
| References | 80 |
| Part II Management of Foregut Cancer | 82 |
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| 7 Endoscopic Ablation of Barrett's Esophagus and Early Esophageal Cancer | 83 |
| Introduction | 83 |
| Risk of Progression to Dysplasia and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma | 83 |
| Rationale for Endoscopic Ablation of Barretts Epithelium | 84 |
| Ablation Technology and Outcomes | 85 |
| C | 85 |