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Chemical Ocular Burns New Understanding and Treatments

:	Norbert Schrage, François Burgher, Jöel Blomet, Lucien Bodson, Max Gerard, Alan Hall, Patrice Josset
:	Chemical Ocular Burns New Understanding and Treatments
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783642145506
:	1
:	CHF 142.40
:

:	Klinische Fächer
:	English

:	122
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

More than 25,000 chemical products have the potential to cause ocular burns. Because such burns can result in loss of sight or the need for corneal transplantation, they must be taken very seriously. This book is the first to be devoted entirely to chemical ocular burns. All aspects of the subject are covered, including history, epidemiology, chemical agents and reactions, histology, pathophysiology, clinical signs, medical and surgical treatments, and emergency care. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms involved in ocular burns and to the links between the chemical reactivity of corrosive agents and the clinical manifestations. Current principles of decontamination are fully explained and the latest treatment techniques are discussed in detail. This book stands at the interface of the chemical and medical sciences. It will be of great practical value to ophthalmologists and doctors in emergency medical and burns units, and will acquaint chemists with the clinical consequences of corrosivity.

	Chemical Ocular Burns	1
	Copyright Page	3
	List of Authors	4
	Foreword	5
	Preface	7
	Contents	9
	1: History of Chemical Burns and Relative Treatments	10
	1.1 Burns for Doctors in Antiquity	10
	1.1.1 Chemical Burns Since Antiquity	12
	1.1.2 Treatment of Thermal and Chemical Burns in the Second Half of Twentieth Century, the Revolution of Intensive Care	13
	1.1.3 History of the Treatment of Chemical Skin Burns	14
	1.1.4 Conclusion	14
	1.2 Modern History of the Chemical Burns	14
	1.2.1 Burns, a Disease of Different Origins	14
	1.2.2 Start of Medical Treatment	15
	1.2.3 Research in Toxicology and Ophthalmology	15
	1.2.4 Rinsing Therapy	15
	1.2.5 Classification of Eye Burns	15
	1.2.6 Specific Treatment Options	16
	1.2.7 Future and Present of Reconstitutive Concepts	16
	References	16
	2: Epidemiology of Ocular Chemical Burn Injuries	18
	2.1 Introduction	18
	2.2 Data Limitations and Scope of the Problem	18
	2.2.1 Individual Publications/Case Series	18
	2.2.2 American Association of Poison Centers National Poison Data System (NDPS)	19
	2.2.3 US Bureau of Labor Statistics Data	19
	2.3 Etiology	20
	2.3.1 Work-Related Injury	20
	2.3.2 Deliberate Chemical Assault	20
	2.3.3 Complications of Face Peeling	22
	2.3.4 Burn Center/Hospital Studies	22
	2.4 Involved Chemicals	23
	2.5 Conclusions	23
	References	23
	3: The Chemical Agents and the Involved Chemical Reactions	25
	3.1 From Chemistry to Symptoms	25
	3.1.1 What Is a Chemical Burn?	25
	3.1.2 What Are the Parameters Affecting the Chemical Burn?	25
	3.1.3 Extent of the Matter	25
	3.2 The Chemical Agent	26
	3.2.1 Molecular Structure of an Irritant or a Corrosive	26
	3.2.2 Reactive Functional Groups of Irritant or Corrosive Agents	27
	3.2.2.1 Acidic Function	27
	3.2.2.2 Basic Function	27
	Energy Scale of Acid–Base Reactions: The pK Notion	27
	3.2.2.3 Oxidizing Function	27
	3.2.2.4 Reduction Function	28
	3.2.2.5 Solvent Function	28
	3.2.2.6 Chelating Function or Complexation	29
	Energy Scale of Chelation Reactions	29
	3.2.2.7 Alkylation Reaction	29
	Reactivity Scale for Alkylating Agents	30
	3.2.2.8 Molecular Reactivity and Chemical Bonds: Main Aspects	30
	3.2.3 Modulation of the Expression of the Reactivity of a Molecule	30
	3.2.3.1 Acetic Acid and Its Derivatives	30
	3.2.3.2 Hydrofluoric Acid	31
	3.2.3.3 Phenol	31
	3.2.3.4 Methylamines Series	32
	3.2.3.5 Last Illustration: Acrolein	32
	3.2.4 Energetic Levels of the Chemical Reactivity	33
	3.2.4.1 Acid–Base Scale	33
	3.2.4.2 Prediction of the Irritant Power of Acids or Bases	35
	3.2.4.3 Scales of Energy Level	35
	3.3 Constituents of the Tissues: Which Are the Biological and Biochemical Targets?	37
	3.4 The Mechanisms of the Chemical Burn During the Contact Between the Aggressor and the Eye	39
	3.4.1 The Different Elementary Types of Chemical Reactivity	39
	3.4.2 Energy Dimension of Chemical Burns	41
	3.4.3 Key Parameters of Chemical Burns	42
	3.4.3.1 Danger Resulting of the Nature of the Involved Chemical	43
	Solid Form	43
	Viscosity	43
	Exothermic Reaction	44
	Titanium Tetrachloride	44
	Trichloromethylsilane	45
	Boron Trifluoride	45
	Sulfuric Acid	46
	3.4.3.2 Risk Factors in Relation with the Conditions of Use	47
	Concentration of the Chemical	47
	Phenomenon of the Diffusion of Corrosives in Relation with Their Concentration	48
	Time of Contact	49
	Temperature	50
	Pressure	51
	3.5 Practical Conclusions in Order to Manage the Optimal Chemical Decontamination of an Eye	51
	3.5.1 The First Reflex: The Passive Wash Including Dilution and Mechanical Draining	51
	3.5.2 Consequences of a Passive Washing: A Longer Time of Action	52
	3.5.3 The Concept of Active Wash	52
	3.6 What is Now the Extent of Our Knowledg