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Eutrophication: causes, consequences and control causes, consequences and control

:	Abid A. Ansari, Sarvajeet Singh Gill, Guy R. Lanza, Walter Rast
:	Abid A. Ansari, Singh Gill Sarvajeet, Guy R. Lanza, Walter Rast
:	Eutrophication: causes, consequences and control causes, consequences and control
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9789048196258
:	1
:	CHF 135.40
:

:	Bau- und Umwelttechnik
:	English

:	402
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Eutrophication continues to be a major global challenge to water quality scientists. The global demand on water resources due to population increases, economic development, and emerging energy development schemes has created new environmental challenges to global sustainability. Eutrophication, causes, consequences, and control provides a current account of many important aspects of the processes of natural and accelerated eutrophication in major aquatic ecosystems around the world. The connections between accelerated eutrophication and climate change, chemical contamination of surface waters, and major environmental and ecological impacts on aquatic ecosystems are discussed. Water quality changes typical of eutrophication events in major climate zones including temperate, tropical, subtropical, and arid regions are included along with current approaches to treat and control increased eutrophication around the world. The book provides many useful new insights to address the challenges of global increases in eutrophication and the increasing threats to biodiversity and water quality.

	Foreword	5
	Preface	7
	Contents	9
	Contributors	11
	1 Eutrophication and Climate Change: Present Situation and Future Scenarios	14
	1.1 Preamble	14
	1.2 The Wax and Wane of Lake and River Eutrophication	15
	1.3 Evidence of Climate Change -- Does It Matter?	19
	1.4 What Do We Know About Climate Impacts on Inland Waters?	20
	1.5 Consequences of Climate Change for Inland Waters -- Future Scenarios	22
	1.6 Concerns, Adaptation and Mitigation	25
	1.7 Epilogue	26
	References	26
	2 Controlling Eutrophication in the Baltic Sea and the Kattegat	30
	2.1 Background and Aim of the Work	30
	2.2 Basic Information	33
	2.2.1 Morphometric Data and Criteria for the Vertical Layers	35
	2.2.2 Sediments and Bottom Dynamic Conditions	42
	2.2.3 Trends and Variations in Water Variables	43
	2.2.4 The Dilemma Related to Predictions of Cyanobacteria	47
	2.2.5 The Reasons Why This Modeling Is Not Based on Dissolved Nitrogen or Phosphorus	48
	2.2.6 The Reasons Why It Is Generally Difficult to Model Nitrogen	50
	2.2.7 Comments and Conclusions	50
	2.3 Water, SPM, Nutrient, and Bioindicator Modeling	51
	2.3.1 Background on Mass Balances for Salt and the Role of Salinity	51
	2.3.2 Water Fluxes	54
	2.3.3 Mass Balances	56
	2.3.3.1 Phosphorus Dynamics	56
	2.3.4 SPM Dynamics	59
	2.3.5 Nitrogen Fluxes	62
	2.3.6 Predicting Chlorophyll-a Concentrations	64
	2.3.7 Predicting Water Clarity and Secchi Depth	66
	2.3.8 Conclusions	67
	2.4 Management Scenarios	68
	2.4.1 Reductions in Tributary Phosphorus Loading to the Baltic Sea	69
	2.4.2 Reductions in Tributary Phosphorus Loading to the Kattegat from Sweden	71
	2.4.3 Reductions in Tributary Nitrogen Loading to the Kattegat from Sweden	71
	2.4.4 An ''Optimal'' Management to Reduce the Eutrophication in the Kattegat	71
	2.4.5 Effective and Cost-Effective Nutrient Reductions	73
	2.4.6 Comments and Conclusions	75
	2.5 Summary and Recommendations	76
	References	78
	3 Eutrophication Processes in Arid Climates	81
	3.1 Introduction	81
	3.1.1 Eutrophication Process	81
	3.1.1.1 Natural Eutrophication	82
	3.1.1.2 Eutrophication by Human Activities	82
	3.1.2 Eutrophication Classification	82
	3.1.2.1 Oligotrophic	82
	3.1.2.2 Mesotrophic	82
	3.1.2.3 Eutrophic	82
	3.1.2.4 Dystrophic	82
	3.1.3 Causes of Eutrophication and Supporting Factors	82
	3.1.3.1 Nutrients	83
	3.1.3.2 Availability of Nutrients	83
	3.1.3.3 Factors Supporting the Development of Eutrophication	84
	3.1.3.4 Sources of Nutrients	84
	3.1.4 Effects of Eutrophication	84
	3.1.5 Trihalomethanes	86
	3.1.5.1 Disinfection	86
	3.1.5.2 Natural Organic Matter (NOM)	87
	3.1.5.3 Trihalomethanes	87
	3.1.5.4 THM Formation Potential	88
	3.1.6 Control of Disinfection By-product	88
	3.1.6.1 Organic Precursor Removal	88
	3.1.7 King Abdullah Canal (KAC): A Case Study	91
	3.1.7.1 Introduction	91
	3.1.7.2 The Study Area	92
	3.1.7.3 Results	93
	3.1.8 Conclusions	101
	References	101
	4 Eutrophication and Restoration of Shallow Lakes from a Cold Temperate to a Warm Mediterranean and a (Sub)Tropical Climate	103
	4.1 Shallow Lakes	103
	4.2 North Temperate	103
	4.2 North Temperate	103
	104	103
	4.2.1 Alternative Stable States	104
	4.2.2 Role of Vegetation	106
	4.2.3 Eutrophication	107
	4.3 Shallow Lakes in Different Climatic Regions	107
	4.3.1 Functioning and Eutrophication of Mediterranean Shallow Lakes	108
	4.3.2 Functioning and Eutrophication of Subtropical and Tropical shallow Lakes	110
	4.3.3 Role of Vegetation in Mediterranean and (Sub)Tropical Shallow Lakes	112
	4.4 Restoration of Eutrophicated Cold and Warm Shallow Lakes	112
	4.4.1 Biological Methods	113
	4.4.1.1 Fish Manipulation	113
	4.4.1.2 Protection of Submerged Plants and Transplantation	115
	4.4.1.3 Combating Nuisance Plant Growth	115
	4.4.2 Physico-Chemical Methods	115
	4.5 Climate Change Gives Future Challenges	116
	References	117
	5 Trophic State and Water Quality in the Danube Floodplain Lake (Kopacki Rit Nature Park, Croatia) in Relation to Hydrological Connectivity	121
	5.1 Introduction	121
	5.2 Study Area	122
	5.3 Sediment Biota (Research Review 1997--2002)	122
	5.4 Hydrological Regime (2002--2005)	124
	5.5 Water Quality Parameters	127
	5.5.1 Phytoplankton Chlorophyll	128
	5.5.2 Bacterial Abundance	128
	5.6 Primary Productivity	129
	5.7 Trophic State in Relation to Hydrological Connectivity	129
	5.8 Nutrient Enrichment Bioassay	131
	5.9 Weed-Bed Invertebrates Characterize Trophic State	134
	5.10 Occurrence of Invasive Invertebrates	136
	5.11 Conclusion Remarks and the Basis for Future Research	137
	References	138
	6 Mediterranean Climate and Eutrophication of Reservoirs: Limnological Skills to Improve Management	142
	6.1 Introduction	142
	6.2 Effects of the Mediterranean Climate and Insularity on Eutrophication Patterns in Sicily	144
	6.2.1 Top-Down Effects Caused by Water-Level Fluctuations	144
	6.2.2 Bottom-Up Effects Caused by Water-Level Fluctuations	145
	6.3 Phosphorus Loadings in Sicilian Reservoirs	148
	6.4 Consequences of Eutrophication on Public Health	148
	6.5 Eco-friendly Procedures to Control Eutrophication and Their Effectiveness	150
	6.6 Conclusion	151
	References	151
	7 Eutrophication: Threat to Aquatic Ecosystems	154
	7.1 Water	154
	7.2 Eutrophication	155
	7.3 Eutrophication: A Global Scenario	156
	7.4 Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems	159
	7.5 Eutrophication and Aquatic Environment	161
	7.6 Eutrophication and Aquatic Biodiversity	163
	7.7 Eutrophication in Wetland Ecosystems	167
	7.8 Biological Mon