| Preface | 5 |
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| Table of Contents | 6 |
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| CHAPTER I SURVEY (Figs. 1 to 8) | 8 |
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| Overview (Figs. 1 to 5) | 9 |
| Topography of the endoscopic routes (Figs. 6 to 8) | 9 |
| Cavum nasi and paranasal sinuses | 9 |
| Foramen sphenopalatinum and adjacent structures | 9 |
| Foramen lacerum | 9 |
| Pyramis (petrous bone) | 9 |
| Literature | 26 |
| CHAPTER II CAVUM NASI AND FOSSA PTERYGOPALATINA (Figs. 9 to 17) | 27 |
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| Overview (Figs. 9 and 10) | 28 |
| Cavum nasi (Fig. 10) | 28 |
| Hiatus maxillaris (Fig. 11) | 28 |
| Other paranasal sinuses (Fig. 12) | 28 |
| Foramen sphenopalatinum and Fossa pterygopalatina (Figs. 13 to 19) | 29 |
| Foramen sphenopalatinum | 29 |
| Fossa pterygopalatina | 29 |
| Vessels and nerves of the area of Foramen sphenopalatinum | 29 |
| A. maxillaris | 29 |
| Veins: Plexus pterygoideus | 29 |
| Nerves: | 29 |
| Literature | 48 |
| CHAPTER III SINUS SPHENOIDALIS AND FOSSA PTERYGOPALATINA (Figs. 18 to 34) | 49 |
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| Overview (Figs. 18 to 20) | 50 |
| Sinus sphenoidalis (Figs. 19 and 20) | 50 |
| Widening of adjacent structures (Figs. 27, 28, and 33). | 50 |
| Area between Sinus sphenoidalis and Foramen lacerum (Figs. 19 to 34) | 50 |
| Anterior wall of Sinus sphenoidalis | 50 |
| Foramen sphenopalatinum (Figs. 23 to 25) | 50 |
| Fossa pterygopalatina (Figs. 22 to 26, and 28 to 33) | 50 |
| Foramen lacerum and its contents (Figs. 23 to 31) | 51 |
| Literature | 86 |
| CHAPTER IV TUBA AUDITIVA (EUSTACHII) (Figs. 35 to 40) | 87 |
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| Overview (Figs. 35 und 36) | 88 |
| Pars cartilaginea | 88 |
| Pars ossea (C in Fig. 37, and Fig. 40) | 88 |
| Literature | 101 |
| CHAPTER V PYRAMIS (PETROUS BONE, PARS PETROSA PLUS PARS TYMPANICA) (Figs. 41 to 63) | 102 |
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| Overview (Figs. 41 to 43) | 103 |
| Pyramis, schematic drawing (Figs. 42 and 43) | 103 |
| Facies posterior pyramidis (Fig. 42) | 103 |
| Facies anterior pyramidis (Fig. 43) | 103 |
| Facies inferior pyramidis (Fig. 43) | 103 |
| Course of Canalis caroticus (Figs. 42 and 43) | 103 |
| Dorsal and basal axis of Pyramis (Figs. 44, 45, 47 and 48) | 104 |
| Cadaver skull dissections (Figs. 45 to 63) | 104 |
| Apex pyramidis, Facies posterior, anterior and inferior (Fig. 45) | 104 |
| Facies posterior pyramidis (Fig. 46) | 104 |
| Facies anterior pyramidis (Fig. 47) | 104 |
| Facies inferior pyramidis (Figs. 48 to 50) | 104 |
| Variants of Pyramis (Figs. 53 to 56) | 104 |
| Structures adjacent to Labyrinth (Figs. 60 to 63) | 105 |
| Relationship of Canalis caroticus to the labyrinth bloc | 105 |
| Anterior area of the Labyrinth bloc (Fig. 60) | 105 |
| Area of Labyrinth, Apertura ext. can. carotici and of Fossa jugularis (Figs. 60 to 63) | 105 |
| Literature | 152 |
| CHAPTER V PYRAMIS (PETROUS BONE, PARS PETROSA PLUS PARS TYMPANICA) (Figs. 41 to 63) | 102 |
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| Overview (Figs. 41 to 43) | 103 |
| Pyramis, schematic drawing (Figs. 42 and 43) | 103 |
| Facies posterior pyramidis (Fig. 42) | 103 |
| Facies anterior pyramidis (Fig. 43) | 103 |
| Facies inferior pyramidis (Fig. 43) | 103 |
| Course of Canalis caroticus (Figs. 42 and 43) | 103 |
| Dorsal and basal axis of Pyramis (Figs. 44, 45, 47 and 48) | 104 |
| Cadaver skull dissections (Figs. 45 to 63) | 104 |
| Apex pyramidis, Facies posterior, anterior and inferior (Fig. 45) | 104 |
| Facies posterior pyramidis (Fig. 46) | 104 |
| Facies anterior pyramidis (Fig. 47) | 104 |
| Facies inferior pyramidis (Figs. 48 to 50) | 104 |
| Variants of Pyramis (Figs. 53 to 56) | 104 |
| Structures adjacent to Labyrinth (Figs. 60 to 63) | 105 |
| Relationship of Canalis caroticus to the labyrinth bloc | 105 |
| Anterior area of the Labyrinth bloc (Fig. 60) | 105 |
| Area of Labyrinth, Apertura ext. can. carotici and of Fossa jugularis (Figs. 60 to 63) | 105 |
| Literature | 152 |
| CHAPTER VI CLIVUS AREA AND PARS CONDYLARIS (Figs. 64 to 70) | 153 |
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| Overview (Figs. 64 and 65) | 154 |
| Components of the Clivus area | 154 |
| Phylogenetic, ontogenetic and dysontogenetic aspects (Fig. 66) | 154 |
| Basal extracranial Clivus area (Figs. 66 to 68) | 154 |
| Dorsal intracranial Clivus area (= Clivus Blumenbachii plus condylar part) (Figs. 4, 5, and 65) | 155 |
| Literature | 170 |
| CHAPTER VII SPECIAL SURGICAL ASPECTS. EXAMPLES (Figs. 71 to 79) | 171 |
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| Planning strategies (Figs. 71 to 77) | 172 |
| Imaging techniques (Figs. 71 to 74) | 172 |
| Measurements (Figs. 75 to 77) | 172 |
| Dural penetration point of N. abducens (Figs. 76 and 77) | 172 |
| Transnasal routes (Figs. 78 and 79) | 172 |
| Literature | 191 |
| Subject Index | 192 |
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