ebook ebooks e-book e-books downloaden bei MyEbooks.ch downloaden

Organic Xenobiotics and Plants From Mode of Action to Ecophysiology

:	Peter Schröder, Christopher D. Collins
:	Peter Schröder, Christopher D. Collins
:	Organic Xenobiotics and Plants From Mode of Action to Ecophysiology
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9789048198528
:	1
:	CHF 133.00
:

:	Botanik
:	English

:	311
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Natural and agro-ecosystems are frequently exposed to natural or synthetic substances, which, while they have no direct nutritional value or significance in metabolism, may negatively affect plant functioning. These, xenobiotics, may originate from both natural (fires, volcano eruptions, soil or rock erosion, biodegradation) and anthropogenic (air and soil pollution, herbicides) sources. And, while affected plants have only a limited number of possibilities for avoiding accumulation of these compounds, they do exhibit several enzymatic reactions for detoxification including oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis and conjugation reactions. In agro-ecosystems in particular these mechanisms have great significance in relation to herbicide detoxification and tolerance. In this volume an international group of experts present an overview of the nature and distribution of organic xenobiotics, including their uptake, effects on plant functioning and detoxification mechanisms. The particular significance of glutathione S-transferases in bio-indication and bio-monitoring, and in the detoxification of volatile organic air pollutants and herbicides is evaluated, and their potential significance in phytoremediation and bioaccumulation will be discussed. This volume will be of interest to a wide audience, from graduate students to senior researchers in a wide range of disciplines including plant ecology, plant biochemistry, agriculture and environmental management. It will also be of practical interest to environmentalists, policy makers and resource managers.

	Preface	6
	Contents	8
	Part I:Principles of Transport,Deposition and Uptake	10
	Plant Uptake of Xenobiotics	11
	Introduction	11
	Root Uptake	12
	Soil-Root Interactions	12
	Transfer from Roots to Other Plant Parts	14
	Soil-Root Interactions for Ionic Chemicals	15
	Leaf Uptake	16
	Vapour or Gas Uptake from Ambient Air	16
	Particulate Deposition on Plant Surfaces	17
	Other Factors Controlling Plant Uptake of Organic Chemicals	18
	Accumulating Species	19
	Lipid Composition	19
	Foliage	19
	Plant Metabolism	20
	Growth Dilution	20
	Conclusion	21
	References	21
	Haloorganics in Temperate Forest Ecosystems: Sources, Transport and Degradation	25
	Introduction	26
	Sources	27
	Sea Salt	27
	Erosion and Weathering	28
	Fires	28
	Volcanoes	28
	Other Natural Abiotic Sources	29
	Production by Organisms	29
	Intentional Biotic Production	30
	Antibiotics	30
	The Role of Chlorinated Organic Compounds in Microbial Metabolism	31
	Unintentional Biotic Production	32
	De-icing Salt	33
	Other Anthropogenic Sources	33
	Transport Within the Ecosystem	34
	Leaching	35
	Volatilisation	36
	Role of Fire	38
	Plant Litter	38
	Degradation	39
	Abiotic Degradation	39
	Biotic Degradation	39
	Site Budgets	44
	Gaps in Knowledge	45
	References	46
	Semivolatiles in the Forest Environment: The Case of PAHs	54
	Introduction to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons	54
	Properties of PAHs	56
	Sources of PAHs	58
	Spatial Patterns and Trends of PAH Emissions and Advection	59
	The Fate of PAHs in Forests	63
	Interaction of Air Masses with the Forest Canopy	65
	Deposition of PAHs	65
	Levels of PAHs in Leaves and Needles	68
	PAHs in the Litter and the Soil	70
	Deposition of PAHs	70
	Levels of PAHs in Soils	72
	Effects of PAHs on Ecosystems	74
	References	77
	Part II:Case Studies	81
	A Case Study: Uptake and Accumulation of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Cucurbitaceae Species	82
	Introduction	82
	The Cucurbitaceae Family	84
	POPs and Cucurbita Species	85
	DDT/DDE/DDD	85
	Dieldrin and Endrin	85
	Heptachlor	86
	Chlordane	86
	Polychlorinated Biphenyls	86
	Dioxins and Furans	87
	Conclusions	87
	References	88
	Trichloroacetic Acid in the Forest Ecosystem	91
	Introduction	91
	Properties of Trichloroacetic Acid and Its Occurrence in the Environment	92
	Plants and TCA	93
	Physiological Effects	96
	The Role of the Rhizosphere	99
	Conclusions	101
	References	102
	Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Switzerland Related to Long-Range Transboundary Transport – Results of a Case Study with Special Emphasis on the Spatial Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic and Chlorinated Air Borne Pollutants	108
	Introduction	109
	Material and Methods	109
	Results and Discussion	111
	Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffin’s (CFCs)	111
	Chlorobenzenes	111
	Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH)	111
	Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs)	111
	Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)	117
	Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Furans (PCDDs/PCDFs)	117
	Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)	120
	Conclusion	121
	References	123
	Part III:Pollutant Degradationand Ecosystem Remediation fromEnzymes to Whole Plants	125
	New Perspectives on the Metabolism and Detoxification of Synthetic Compounds in Plants	126
	Introduction	126
	The Plant Xenome and Its Organization	128
	Detoxifying Enzymes	130
	Phase 1 Enzymes – Oxido-Reductases	130
	Phase 1 Enzymes – Hydrolases	132
	Phase 2 Enzymes – Glutathione Transferases (Gsts)	133
	Phase 2 Enzymes – Glycosyltransferases	136
	Phase 2 Enzymes – Malonyltransferases	138
	Phase 3 Transport Processes – ABC Transporter Proteins	139
	Phase 4 – Further Processing of Xenobiotics	140
	Up-Regulation of the Xenome and Xenobiotic Resistance	142
	Conclusion	144
	References	144
	Using Plants to Remove Foreign Compounds from Contaminated Water and Soil	150
	Introduction	151
	Phytoremediation of Organics	151
	Selection of Plants for Phytoremediation	151
	The Applicability of Phytoremediation	152
	Sulphonated Aromatic Compounds in Wastewater	154
	Limits of Microbial Degradability	155
	Potential of Phytotreatment	156
	Azo Dyes in Industrial Effluents	161
	Conventional Dye Treatments	166
	Azo-Dyes Phytoremediation	167
	Rhizodegradation	168
	Phytodegradation	168
	Hydrophobic Compounds: Phytoremediation of PCB-Contaminated Soils	172
	Phytoextraction	175
	Phytodegradation	176
	Rhizoremediation	177
	Bioaugmentation by Rhizosphere Colonising Strains	178
	Use of Activated Carbon	179