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Aphid Biodiversity under Environmental Change Patterns and Processes

:	Pavel Kindlmann, A.F.G. Dixon, J.P. Michaud
:	Pavel Kindlmann, A.F.G. Dixon, J.P. Michaud
:	Aphid Biodiversity under Environmental Change Patterns and Processes
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9789048186013
:	1
:	CHF 132.90
:

:	Zoologie
:	English

:	191
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

This book presents the results of recent research on aphid population dynamics and ecology relevant to current environmental changes resulting from global wa- ing. It incorporates a selection of the contributions presented at the International Symposium on Aphids in Fremantle, Australia, in October 2005, plus some ad- tional invited chapters. The objective was to incorporate the major issues in the ?eld and simultaneously create a closely interrelated and integrated volume. The ?rst chapter sets the scene. Kindlmann and Dixon present a critical review of existing models of aphid population dynamics, examine the biological assumptions that are incorporated in the models and present one of the latest models of aphid metapopulation dynamics. They conclude that natural enemies are unlikely to affect aphid population dynamics late in a season, but in some years may have an effect very early in the season, when aphid colonies are still small and predators might be able to reduce the numbers of colonies. The question, whether aphids will move to different locations, adapt to the change in conditions in their current habitat or go extinct is discussed by Ameixa. She concludes that the distributions of aphids are most likely to change, with the distribution of each species moving globally as their preferred habitat moves in response to changes in the climate, which may be more dif?cult than in the past because of habitat fragmentation and habitat loss.

	Preface	5
	Contents	7
	Contributors	9
	1 Modelling Population Dynamics of Aphids and Their Natural Enemies	11
	1.1 Introduction	12
	1.2 Biological Background	13
	1.2.1 Aphid Biology Relevant to Population Dynamics	13
	1.2.2 Biology of Natural Enemies Relevant to Aphid Population Dynamics	16
	1.2.3 Assessment of the Efficiency of Natural Enemies to Suppress the Abundance of Their Prey	19
	1.3 Theory of Aphid Population Dynamics	20
	1.3.1 Features of Aphid Population Dynamics that Should Be Incorporated in Models	20
	1.3.2 The Metapopulation Model	20
	1.3.2.1 Egg-Window Dynamics	21
	1.3.2.2 Within-Season Dynamics	22
	1.3.2.3 Between-Season Dynamics	24
	1.3.2.4 Model Predictions	24
	1.4 Predictions	24
	References	25
	2 Aphids in a Changing World	31
	2.1 Introduction	32
	2.2 Empirical Studies on the Behaviour of Aphids	33
	2.3 Aphids as Fossils	44
	References	47
	3 Trends in the Timings of the Start and End of AnnualFlight Periods	51
	3.1 Introduction	51
	3.2 Methods	52
	3.3 Results	55
	3.3.1 Date of First Record in Relation to Winter Temperature	55
	3.3.2 Date of First Record in Relation to Year	57
	3.3.3 Date of Last Record in Relation to Year	57
	3.4 Discussion	59
	References	64
	4 Consequences of Climate Change for Aphid-Based Multi-trophic Systems	65
	4.1 Introduction	66
	4.2 Life History Traits	67
	4.2.1 Development Time and Population Dynamics	67
	4.2.2 Metabolic Rate, Activity, Longevity and Fecundity	68
	4.2.3 Sex Allocation	69
	4.2.4 Effects of CO2 Increase on Life History Traits	69
	4.3 Endosymbionts	70
	4.4 Virus Transmission by Aphids	71
	4.5 Changes in the Geographical Distribution of Hosts and Parasitoids	72
	4.6 Phenological Synchronisation and Diapause	73
	4.7 Conclusions	75
	References	76
	5 Implications of Climate Change for Cereal Aphidson the Great Plains of North America	79
	5.1 Introduction	79
	5.2 The Region and Its Climate	80
	5.3 Agroecosystems	82
	5.4 Aphid Populations	84
	5.4.1 Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid	85
	5.4.2 Russian Wheat Aphid	86
	5.4.3 Greenbug	87
	5.4.4 Shorter, Warmer Winters	88
	5.4.5 Longer, Hotter Summers	88
	5.4.6 Drought	90
	5.4.7 Virus Transmission	91
	5.4.8 Biological Control	92
	References	93
	6 Implications of Climate Change for Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), a Disease Vector of Citrus in Florida	100
	6.1 Introduction	101
	6.2 Floridas Climate	102
	6.3 Citrus Production	104
	6.4 Climate Change and Brown Citrus Aphid	105
	6.4.1 Fall and Winter Populations of BrCA	106
	6.4.2 Spring and Summer Populations of BrCA	107
	6.4.3 Biological Control of BrCA	110
	6.5 Conclusions	111
	References	111
	7 Ecological Factors Influencing Pea Aphid Outbreaks in the US Pacific Northwest	116
	7.1 Introduction	117
	7.2 The Landscape	119
	7.3 Pea Aphid Legume Relationships	119
	7.4 Characterizing Outbreaks	123
	7.5 History of Outbreaks	125
	7.6 Winter Temperatures and Outbreaks	126
	7.7 Other Causal Factors	127
	7.8 Forecasting Outbreaks	131
	7.9 Concluding Remarks	132
	References	133
	8 Temperature, Seasonal Development and Distributionof Insects with Particular Reference to Aphids	138
	8.1 Introduction	139
	8.2 Thermal Time	140
	8.2.1 Aphid Biology	141
	8.3 Seasonal Development in Aphids	141
	8.3.1 Aphids on Sycamore	141
	8.3.2 Aphids on Birch	143
	8.3.3 Host Alternating Aphids	145
	8.4 Seasonal Development in Predators of Aphids	145
	8.5 Distribution of Birch Aphids in Europe	146
	8.6 World Wide Distribution of Aphids	147
	8.7 Discussion	150
	References	153
	9 Coccinellids in a Changing World	157
	9.1 Introduction	157
	9.2 Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)	158
	9.3 Main Drivers of Biodiversity Change	160
	9.3.1 Habitat Destruction and Fragmentation	160
	9.3.2 Climate Change	162
	9.3.3 Invasive Species	168
	9.3.4 Overexploitation	170
	9.3.5 Pollution	171
	9.4 Summary	173
	References	174
	10 Ecological Costs of Alarm Signalling in Aphids	179
	10.1 Introduction	180
	10.2 Materials and Methods	181
	10.2.1 Aphids and Colony Production	181
	10.2.2 Experimental Design	182
	10.2.3 Statistical Analysis	182
	10.3 Results	183
	10.4 Discussion	185
	References	187
	Species Index	190
	Subject Index	193