| Surgical Mentoring | 3 |
|---|
| Preface | 7 |
| Foreword | 11 |
| Acknowledgments | 13 |
| Table of Contents | 15 |
| Chapter 1: What is Mentoring and Who is a Mentor? | 17 |
| Mentoring and Mentor – Definitions | 18 |
| Differences Among Mentors, Teachers, and Role Models | 20 |
| Defining the Mentee | 21 |
| History and Evolution of Mentoring | 22 |
| Literature | 22 |
| Nineteenth Century | 24 |
| Early Surgical Mentoring (Preceptorships) | 24 |
| Halstedian Training | 25 |
| Twentieth Century | 26 |
| Influence of Television | 26 |
| Twenty-first Century: A Changing Paradigmfor Surgical Mentoring | 27 |
| Summary and Conclusions | 30 |
| References | 30 |
| Chapter 2: Why Surgical Mentoring is Important and Evidence That it Makes a Difference | 31 |
| Jonathan E. Rhoads – A Successful Surgical Mentor | 32 |
| Importance of Mentoring to the Mentee | 34 |
| Evidence-Based Benefits to the Mentee | 34 |
| Mentoring in Academic Medicine | 34 |
| Mentoring and Research | 37 |
| Medical Students Rotating on Surgical Services | 38 |
| Specialty Selection of Surgical Residents | 39 |
| Importance of Mentoring to the Mentor | 41 |
| Importance of Mentoring to the Patient and Surgical Care in General | 42 |
| Summary and Conclusions | 43 |
| References | 43 |
| Chapter 3: What are the Qualities of an Outstanding Surgical Mentor? | 45 |
| Qualities in Outstanding Surgical Mentors | 46 |
| Personal Attributes | 46 |
| Character/Integrity/Professionalism | 46 |
| Humanism | 51 |
| Curiosity | 53 |
| Availability/Accessibility | 54 |
| Knowledge Proficiency | 54 |
| Technical Expertise | 55 |
| Teaching Skills | 56 |
| Qualities of a Mentor as Perceived by Students, Interns and Residents | 57 |
| Summary and Conclusions | 59 |
| References | 59 |
| Chapter 4: How and Where Should Surgical Mentoring Be Performed? | 61 |
| How Should Surgical Mentoring Be Performed? | 62 |
| General Principles | 62 |
| Mentoring by Example | 62 |
| Socratic Method | 63 |
| Intentional Mentoring | 64 |
| Unintentional Mentoring – Mentoring Moments | 64 |
| Mentoring by Faculty | 65 |
| Mentoring Junior Faculty | 65 |
| Mentoring Residents | 67 |
| Mentoring Students | 70 |
| Mentoring by Surgical Residents | 72 |
| Negative Mentoring | 74 |
| Failed Mentoring | 74 |
| Written Evaluations and Verbal Feedback to Student and Resident Mentees | 76 |
| Written Evaluations | 76 |
| Verbal Feedback | 77 |
| Where to Mentor? | 79 |
| Office of the Attending Surgeon | 79 |
| Hospital Inpatient Rounds | 80 |
| Outpatient Clinic | 80 |
| Operating Room | 81 |
| Mentoring Students in the Operating Room | 82 |
| Mentoring Residents in the Operating Room | 83 |
| Research Laboratory | 84 |
| Future Directions | 86 |
| Summary and Conclusions | 87 |
| References | 87 |
| Chapter 5: Mentoring Women Surgeons | 89 |
| General Issues Confronting Women Surgeons | 91 |
| Lack of Effective Mentors | 91 |
| Gender-Based Discrimination | 92 |
| Disproportionate Family Responsibilities | 93 |
| Insufficient Maternity Leave and Lack of Institutional Childcare Facilities | 94 |
| Pitfalls When Men Mentor Women | 95 |
| Women Mentoring Women | 96 |
| Program to Mentor Women Faculty | 97 |
| Association of Women Surgeons (AWS) and American College of Surgeons (ACS) | 97 |
| How to Mentor Women Surgeons More Effectively | 98 |
| Stimulate Interest in Teaching and Leadership | 98 |
| Encourage Mentees to Seek Multiple Mentors | 100 |
| Incorporate Lifestyle Issues into the Mentoring Process | 100 |
| Facilitate Networking | 101 |
| Women Leaders in Surgery | 102 |
| Summary and Conclusions | 107 |
| References | 107 |
| Chapter 6: Mentoring International Medical Graduates | 109 |
| Background/Demographics | 111 |
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