ebook ebooks e-book e-books downloaden bei MyEbooks.ch downloaden

Digitalization in Open Economies Theory and Policy Implications

:	Michael Vogelsang
:	Digitalization in Open Economies Theory and Policy Implications
:	Physica-Verlag
:	9783790823929
:	1
:	CHF 85.30
:

:	Internationale Wirtschaft
:	English

:	270
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Digital strings are not visible, but affect all economic segments. This book studies the phenomenon of digitalization with the instruments of economics in order to explore the interdependencies between digitalization, economic policy, and macroeconomic variables of open economies. Digitalization is separated into the three components networks, IT services, and digital goods which are then incorporated into macroeconomic models of trade theory in open economies. This approach allows to formally describe the cross-effects between digitalization and macroeconomic variables of a country. Specifically, it is used to analyze interdependencies between macroeconomic variables and networks, IT services, and digital goods, and to determine the challenges of digitalization for economic policy and regulation.

	Preface	6
	Contents	8
	Part I Characteristics of the Digital Economy	16
	1 Introduction	17
	2 Digitalization	21
	2.1 Overview on Digitalization	21
	2.1.1 History	21
	2.1.2 Digitalization and the Internet	22
	2.1.2.1 Structure of the Internet	22
	2.1.2.2 General Purpose Technology	23
	2.1.3 Indices of Digitalization	23
	2.2 Characteristics of Networks, IT Servicesand Digital Goods	25
	2.2.1 Networks	26
	2.2.2 IT Services	28
	2.2.3 Digital Goods	29
	2.2.4 Related Topics	30
	2.2.4.1 Information and Communication Technology (ICT)	30
	2.2.4.2 Software on the Borderline Between Goods and Services	32
	2.2.4.3 Open-Source Software	33
	2.3 Recent Developments	36
	2.3.1 Networks	36
	2.3.1.1 Overview	36
	2.3.1.2 Peering and Transit	36
	2.3.1.3 Price Development	37
	2.3.1.4 Recent Innovations	38
	2.3.2 IT Services	39
	2.3.2.1 Overview	39
	2.3.2.2 Outsourcing and Offshoring	39
	2.3.2.3 Recent Innovations: Service-Oriented Architectures	41
	2.3.3 Digital Goods	42
	2.3.3.1 Overview	42
	2.3.3.2 Music Industry	44
	2.3.3.3 Recent Innovations	45
	2.3.4 Related Topics	45
	2.3.4.1 Computer Power and Price Measurement	45
	2.3.4.2 ICT	48
	2.3.4.3 Voice over IP	49
	2.3.4.4 E-Commerce	50
	2.3.4.5 Digital Divide	51
	2.4 The Impact for Productivity: Results fromICT Research	53
	2.4.1 Introduction	53
	2.4.2 Theoretical Foundations: Neoclassical Growth Assumptions	54
	2.4.2.1 Neoclassical Case	54
	2.4.3 Productivity Accounting and Empirical Studies Regarding ICT	56
	2.4.3.1 Firm-Level Studies	56
	2.4.3.2 Sectoral Decomposition of Productivity Figures: Industry-Level Studies	57
	2.4.3.3 Macro-Level Studies and Sectoral Decomposition of TFP	58
	2.4.3.4 Interpretation and Limitations	63
	2.4.4 Productivity Measurement and Digital Goods	66
	2.4.4.1 Software Accounting	67
	2.4.5 Summary and Open Questions	68
	2.4.5.1 Common Sense	68
	2.4.5.2 Questions to be Solved	69
	2.5 Summary of Part I	70
	Part II Economic Theory	71
	3 Theoretical Foundations	72
	3.1 Some Microeconomic Aspects	72
	3.1.1 Networks	72
	3.1.2 IT Services	73
	3.1.3 Digital Goods	74
	3.1.4 Market Structure	75
	3.2 Dynamics of Two-Sided Markets	77
	3.2.1 Introduction	77
	3.2.2 Two Sided Markets: Literature Overview	78
	3.2.2.1 Empirical Evidence and Anti-Trust Policy	80
	3.2.3 Model: Basic Set-Up of Two-Sided MarketsOptimization	80
	3.2.4 Model: Development of a Business Strategy	84
	3.2.4.1 Splitting the Phases	84
	3.2.5 Summary	90
	3.3 Theories on Internationalization	90
	3.3.1 Key Drivers in Management Literature	90
	3.3.1.1 Business Strategies and Internationalization	90
	3.3.1.2 IT Outsourcing and IT Offshoring	93
	3.3.2 Macroeconomic Theorieson Internationalization	97
	3.3.2.1 Traditional Approaches: Trade and FDI	97
	3.3.2.2 Theory on Fragmentation	98
	3.4 IT Administration Rights	99
	3.4.1 Introduction	99
	3.4.2 The Model of IT Administration Rights	100
	3.4.3 Distribution of IT Administration Rights	103
	3.4.4 Potential Caveats	104
	3.4.5 Alternative Formulation	105
	3.4.6 Summary and Outlook	107
	4 Networks in a Fragmentation Model	108
	4.1 Setup of the Model	108
	4.2 Trade-Off Between International and Local Producers	112
	4.3 Digitalization	113
	4.4 Interpretation	115
	5 IT Services in a General Equilibrium Macro-Model	116
	5.1 Introduction	116
	5.2 General Equilibrium in the Integrated Economy	117
	5.2.1 Structure of the Model	117
	5.2.2 Basic Set-Up: Integrated Economy	118
	5.2.2.1 Demand	118
	5.2.2.2 Production	119
	5.2.3 Organization	120
	5.2.3.1 Timing of the Nash Bargaining	120
	5.2.3.2 Optimal Output	122
	5.2.3.3 Comparison of Separation, Integration and Complete Contracts	125
	5.2.4 Ownership Structures	127
	5.2.5 General Equilibrium	128
	5.3 Two-Country Model	132
	5.3.1 Factor Price Equalization	132
	5.3.2 Trade in Intermediates	138
	5.3.3 Trade in IT Services	139
	5.4 Summary and Interpretation	141
	6 Model: Entry of a Digital Goods Producer	142
	6.1 Introduction	142
	6.2 Quality Competition	142
	6.2.1 Closed Economy	142
	6.2.2 Market Entry from Abroad	147
	6.3 Two-Sided Markets	148
	6.4 Interpretation	152
	6.4.1 Potential Expansion	153
	7 Comparison of the Models	154
	7.1 Framework	154
	7.2 Differences in Theoretical Structures	155
	7.3 Main Conclusions	156
	Part III Economic Policy	160
	8 General Political Perspectives	161
	8.1 Economic Policy: Principles, Objectives,and Instruments	161
	8.1.1 General Goals	161
	8.1.2 Principles of Economic Policyin the Digital Age	161
	8.1.3 Overcoming the Digital Divide	163
	8.1.4 Media Policy	165
	8.1.4.1 Trade-Off Between Culture and Business	165
	8.1.4.2 Broadcast Regulation	166
	8.1.5 Data Privacy and Safety	167
	8.1.6 Regulation and Competition Policy	168
	8.1.6.1 Conceptual Issues	168
	8.1.6.2 Modus Operandi in EU	171
	8.1.7 Digitalization, Employment, and Education	172
	8.1.8 Trade Policy	174
	8.1.8.1 Overview	174
	8.1.8.2 Types of Trade Agreements	175
	8.2 Institutional Players	178
	8.2.1 The WTO System	178
	8.2.1.1 Overview	178
	8.2.1.2 GATT	178
	8.2.1.3 GATS System	179
	8.2.1.4 Differences Between GATS and GATT	181
	8.2.1.5 TRIPS Agreement and WIPO	181
	8.2.1.6 ITA	183