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Forensic Aspects of Pediatric Fractures Differentiating Accidental Trauma from Child Abuse

:	Rob A. C. Bilo, Simon G. F. Robben, Rick R. van Rijn
:	Forensic Aspects of Pediatric Fractures Differentiating Accidental Trauma from Child Abuse
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783540787167
:	1
:	CHF 123.40
:

:	Klinische Fächer
:	English

:	209
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Fractures are a common finding in children and it is estimated that 2.1% of all children will suffer at least one fracture before the age of 16. With young children in particular, the question may arise if this is related to child abuse. The aim of this book is to help physicians involved in child abuse cases to interpret radiological findings in light of the forensic circumstances under which they occurred. The authors present up-to-date literature related to the mechanisms underlying non-accidental cases of trauma.

In this book not only the radiological findings in child-abuse are discussed, but more importantly, these findings are analyzed from a forensic perspective. Careful attention is paid to evidence regarding reported trauma mechanisms and their clinical outcome; for example, can a fall from a couch result in a femoral fracture, and if not, where is the supporting evidence?

	Foreword I	6
	Foreword II	7
	Contents	9
	General Aspects of Fractures in Child Abuse	15
	1.1 Introduction	15
	1.2 Incidence of Fractures in Children	16
	1.3 Difference Between Fractures in Children and Adults	17
	1.4 Fractures: Differential Diagnosis	18
	1.5 Fractures in Child Abuse	21
	1.6 The Role of the Radiologist When Child Abuse Is Suspected	25
	1.7 Ethical Dilemmas in Suspicion of Child Abuse	26
	References	26
	Head	28
	2.1 Introduction	28
	2.2 Signs, Symptoms and Complications	28
	2.3 Biomechanical Aspects of Fractures of the Cranium	28
	2.4 Types of Skull Fracture	31
	2.5 Skull Fractures and Intracranial Injury	35
	2.6 Skull Fractures: Differential Diagnosis	38
	2.7 Growing Fractures of the Skull	49
	2.8 The Dating of Skull Fractures	52
	2.9 Basilar Fractures	53
	2.10 Facial Fractures and Dental Damage	53
	References	56
	Ribs	61
	3.1 Introduction	61
	3.2 Signs, Symptoms and Complications	61
	3.3 Biomechanical Aspects of Rib Fractures	62
	3.4 Rib Fractures and Child Abuse	65
	3.5 Rib Fractures: Differential Diagnosis	70
	References	77
	Clavicles, Scapulas, Sternum, Vertebrae and Pelvis	79
	4.1 Clavicles	79
	4.2 Sternum	81
	4.3 Scapula Fractures 4.3.1 Introduction	82
	4.4 Fractures of the Vertebrae	83
	4.5 Fractures of the Pelvis	86
	References	88
	The Extremities	91
	5.1 Introduction	91
	5.2 Anatomy and Physiology	91
	5.3 Shaft Fractures	92
	5.4 Injuries to Metaphysis and Epiphysis	94
	5.5 Humerus	99
	5.6 Radius and Ulna	103
	5.7 Femur	106
	5.8 Tibia and Fibula	110
	5.9 Shaft Fractures of the Lower Extremities	112
	5.10 Hands and Feet	113
	5.11 Subperiosteal Haemorrhages/ Calcifications	113
	5.12 Growth-Retardation Lines	113
	References	116
	Accidental Trauma	119
	6.1 Introduction	119
	6.2 Fractures Resulting from Birth Trauma	119
	6.3 Accidental Fractures	121
	6.4 Short-Distance Fall	124
	6.5 Fall with a Baby Walker	127
	6.6 Baby Bouncer-Related Injuries	129
	6.7 Fall from Bunk Bed	129
	6.8 Fall from a Perambulator	132
	6.9 Fall from a High Chair	133
	6.10 Fall from a Staircase	134
	6.11 Fall from a Shopping Trolley	135
	6.12 Fall from a Trampoline	136
	6.13 Fall from a Considerable Height	137
	6.14 Fractures Resulting from Daily Care and Medical Procedures	138
	6.15 Sports Fractures	140
	References	141
	Normal Variants, Congenital and Acquired Disorders	144
	7.1 Introduction	144
	7.2 Normal Variants	144
	7.3 Osteogenesis Imperfecta	144
	7.4 Rickets	151
	7.5 Syndromes and Congenital disorders	158
	7.6 Skeletal Dysplasias	162
	7.7 Metabolic Disorders	163
	7.8 Infectious Diseases	166
	7.9 Oncological Diseases	168
	7.10 Medication-Related Abnormalities	171
	7.11 Other Disorders	175
	7.12 ‘Temporary Brittle-Bone Disease’?	177
	References	178
	Radiology in Suspected Child Abuse	182
	8.1 Introduction	182
	8.2 Conventional Radiology	182
	8.3 Bone Scintigraphy	190
	8.4 Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging	191
	8.5 Postmortem Imaging	192
	References	198
	Fracture Dating	200
	9.1 Introduction	200
	9.2 Anamnestic and Clinical Manifestations	201
	9.3 Radiological Characteristics	201
	9.4 Histological Fracture Dating of Fresh and Dried Bone Tissue	205
	References	211
	Index	215