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Persistence Pays U.S. Agricultural Productivity Growth and the Benefits from Public R&D Spending

:	Julian M. Alston, Matthew A. Andersen, Jennifer S. James, Philip G. Pardey
:	Persistence Pays U.S. Agricultural Productivity Growth and the Benefits from Public R&D Spending
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9781441906588
:	1
:	CHF 189.50
:

:	"Landwirtschaft, Gartenbau; Forstwirtschaft, Fischerei, Ernährung"
:	English

:	504
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

gricult ral science policy in the United States has profoundly affected the growth and development of agriculture worldwide, not just in the A United States. Over the past 150 years, and especially over the second th half of the 20 Century, public investments in agricultural R&D in the United States grew faster than the value of agricultural production. Public spending on agricultural science grew similarly in other more-developed countries, and c- lectively these efforts, along with private spending, spurred agricultural prod- tivity growth in rich and poor nations alike. The value of this investment is seldom fully appreciated. The resulting p- ductivity improvements have released labor and other resources for alternative uses—in 1900, 29. 2 million Americans (39 percent of the population) were - rectly engaged in farming compared with just 2. 9 million (1. 1 percent) today— while making food and fiber more abundant and cheaper. The benefits are not confined to Americans. U. S. agricultural science has contributed with others to growth in agricultural productivity in many other countries as well as the Un- ed States. The world’s population more than doubled from around 3 billion in 1961 to 6. 54 billion in 2006 (U. S. Census Bureau 2009). Over the same period, production of important grain crops (including maize, wheat and rice) almost trebled, such that global per capita grain production was 18 percent higher in 2006.

	Foreword by Norman Borlaug	8
	Acknowledgments	12
	Contents	15
	Tables	18
	Figures	23
	Boxes	27
	Part I Context	28
	1 Introduction	29
	2 A Brief History of U.S. Agriculture	35
	2.1 Trends in Agricultural Output	35
	Geography of U.S. Production	36
	Input versus Output Trends	39
	2.2 Farms and Farmers	42
	2.3 Conclusion	47
	Part II Inputs, Outputs and Productivity	48
	3 Agricultural Inputs	49
	3.1 Overview	49
	General Developments	49
	More Detailed Developments	52
	3.2 The Composition of Capital	57
	3.3 The Composition of Labor	63
	3.4 The Composition of Land	68
	3.5 Other Inputs	70
	Materials	70
	Biological Inputs	73
	Natural Inputs	74
	3.6 Factor Proportions, Relative Prices and Cost Shares	74
	3.7 Conclusion	78
	4 Agricultural Outputs	81
	4.1 Value, Composition and Location of Production	81
	Longer-Term Trends	81
	Composition and Value of Agricultural Production, 1949–2006	82
	The Changing Location of Production	86
	Specialization of States in Agricultural Production	89
	4.2 Indexes of the Quantity and Price of Output	93
	Trends over Space and Time	93
	4.3 Conclusion	98
	5 Agricultural Productivity Patterns	110
	5.1 Partial Factor Productivity Measures	111
	Crop Yields	112
	Livestock “Yields”	114
	Land, Labor, Capital, and Materials Productivity	115
	Labor Requirements	122
	5.2 Multi-Factor Productivity Measures	123
	Earlier Productivity Evidence for the United States	124
	InSTePP Estimates	128
	5.3 A Systematic Slowdown in Productivity Growth?	133
	Crop Yields	137
	Other Partial- and Multi-Factor Productivity Measures	137
	5.4 Conclusion	143
	APPENDIX II	150
	The InSTePP Production Accounts	150
	Variable Description	151
	Aggregating Inputs and Outputs	152
	Major Sources of Data	154
	Satellite InSTePP Value-of-Production Accounts	156
	Part III Agricultural R	156
	157	156
	6 Research Funding and Performance	158
	6.1 Overall Spending on the Sciences	158
	International Developments	159
	Domestic R	159
	160	159
	6.2 Global Agricultural R	159
	164	159
	Private Agricultural R	159
	167	159
	6.3 U.S. Public and Private Agricultural Research	168
	U.S. Private Agricultural Research Spending	168
	U.S. Public Agricultural Research Spending	170
	6.4 Trends in U.S. Public Agricultural Research and Extension Spending	172
	Commodity Orientation	175
	Productivity Orientation	177
	Extension Trends	180
	Research Personnel	181
	6.5 Intensity of Investment	182
	Variation in Intensities Among States	183
	Commodity Congruence	187
	Spatial Patterns	189
	6.6 Sources and Forms of Funding	192
	Research	192
	Extension	195
	6.7 Conclusion	196
	7 The Federal Role	207
	7.1 Enhanced Incentives to Innovate	208
	Intellectual Property Rights	209
	Expanding Scope of Intellectual Property Rights	210
	Trends in Plant-Related Intellectual Property Rights	211
	7.2 Organized Agricultural Research and Extension	213
	The First 100 Years	214
	More-Recent Legislation	215
	7.3 Forms of Federal Funding	218
	Formula and Other Block-Funding Instruments	219
	Competitive Grants	220
	Earmarked Funds	225
	Trends in Funding Forms	226
	7.4 Conclusion	230
	APPENDIX III	249
	U.S. Public Agricultural Researchand Extension Series	249
	State Agricultural Experiment Stations (SAESs)	249
	Total Expenditures	249
	Minnesota and Vermont Corrections	251
	Scope of Included Research	252
	RPA (Research Problem Area) and Commodity Focus	254
	Intramural USDA Research	254
	Extension Expenditures	255
	Research Deflator	256
	Part IV Models of R	256
	257	256
	8 Research Lags and Spillovers	258
	8.1 R	258
	259	258
	8.2 Stylized Facts about R	258
	263	258
	8.3 Evidence on Research-Innovation-Adoption Lags	267
	Wheat	267
	Hybrid Corn	270
	Biotech Corn	273
	Uptake of Other Innovations by U.S. Agriculture	275
	8.4 Spatial Aspects of the R	275
	278	275
	Previous Work on Agricultural Technology Spillovers	278
	8.5 Conclusion	281
	Appendix 8-1 Models of Industrial R	281
	284	281
	R	281
	R	281
	284	281
	Spillovers in Models of Industrial R	281
	286	281
	9 Models of Research and Productivity	289
	9.1 Modeling Productivity and Knowledge Stocks	289
	9.2 Specification of R	289
	293	289
	Gamma Lag Distribution	294
	Trapezoidal Lag Distribution	295
	Influence of Lag Specification on Knowledge Stocks	300
	9.3 Spillover Coefficients and Knowledge Stocks	302
	A Measure of Spillover Potential Based on Output Mix	303
	Estimates of Spillover Coefficients	304
	Federal-State Spillover Coefficients—Spatial Patterns and Trends	308
	State-to-State