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Fundamentals of Space Biology Research on Cells, Animals, and Plants in Space

:	Gilles Clément, Klaus Slenzka
:	Gilles Clément, K. Slenzka
:	Fundamentals of Space Biology Research on Cells, Animals, and Plants in Space
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9780387379401
:	1
:	CHF 133.00
:

:	Astronomie
:	English

:	376
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

This book examines the effects of spaceflight at cellular and organism levels. Research on the effects of gravity - or its absence - and ionizing radiation on the evolution, development, and function of living organisms is presented in layman's terms. The book describes the benefits of space biology for basic and applied research to support human space exploration and the advantages of space as a laboratory for scientific, technological, and commercial research.

	Contents	7
	FOREWORD	14
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	17
	Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO SPACE BIOLOGY	18
	1 SPACE BIOLOGY: WHAT IS IT?	18
	1.1 Definitions	20
	1.2 Objectives of Space Biology	23
	1.3 Why Send Cells, Animals, and Plants in Space?	25
	1.4 Justification for Animals Models	26
	1.5 Frequently Asked Questions	28
	2 GRAVITATIONAL BIOLOGY	30
	2.1 Principles of Gravitational Biology	31
	2.2 Cell Physics	33
	2.3 Research Questions	37
	3 DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY	42
	3.1 Principles of Development Biology	43
	3.2 Genetic Analyses	48
	3.3 Research Questions	50
	4 PLANT BIOLOGY	53
	4.1 Gravitropism	55
	4.2 Development of Plants	55
	4.3 Research Questions	56
	5 RADIATION BIOLOGY	58
	6 BIOTECHNOLOGY	60
	6.1 Definition	60
	6.2 Protein Crystal Analysis	61
	6.3 Tissue and Cell Culture	62
	6.4 New Technology	64
	7 REFERENCES	66
	Chapter 2 ANIMALS AND PLANTS IN SPACE	68
	1 SPACEFLIGHT HISTORY	68
	1.1 Preparation for Human Spaceflights	69
	1.2 Beginning of Systematic Biological Investigations	74
	1.3 Orbital Space Biology Laboratories	77
	2 ORGANISMS STUDIED IN SPACE	79
	3 MODEL ORGANISMS	81
	3.1 Bacteria	82
	3.2 Yeast	83
	3.3 Nematodes	83
	3.4 Drosophila	84
	3.5 Mammals	85
	3.6 Plants	88
	4 THE CLASSICS	90
	4.1 Amphibians	91
	4.2 Fish	92
	4.3 Avian	93
	5 CONCLUSION	95
	6 REFERENCES	96
	Chapter 3 FACILITIES FOR GRAVITATIONAL BIOLOGY	98
	1 TOOLS TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF GRAVITY	98
	1.1 Microgravity Facilities	99
	1.2 Ground-Based Simulations	108
	1.2.1 Clinostat and Bioreactor	109
	1.2.2 Centrifuge	112
	1.2.3 Muscle Unloading	113
	2 ISSUES IN CONDUCTING SPACE BIOLOGY EXPERIMENTS	114
	2.1 Choice of Species	114
	2.2 Loading and Retrieval	115
	2.3 Control Groups	116
	3 SPACE BIOLOGY FACILITIES	118
	3.1 Cell Biology Facilities	118
	3.2 Animal Research Facilities	120
	3.3 Plant Research Facilities	129
	3.4 Multipurpose Facilities	131
	4 BASELINE DATA COLLECTION FACILITIES	133
	5 REFERENCES	136
	Chapter 4 CELL BIOLOGY	138
	1 INTRODUCTION	139
	1.1 Prologue	139
	1.2 History of Research on Cell Biology in Space	139
	1.3 Phase One	141
	1.4 Phase Two	142
	1.5 Phase Three	144
	1.6 Phase Four	144
	2 CRITICAL QUESTIONS IN CELL BIOLOGY	145
	2.1 Theoretical Considerations	146
	2.2 Further Considerations	150
	3 RESULTS OF SPACE EXPERIMENTS	151
	3.1 Results by Kinds of Cells	152
	3.2 Results by Cell Functions	165
	3.3 Conclusions	178
	4 SPACE RESEARCH IN CELL BIOLOGY: ISSUES	178
	5 CELL BIOLOGY IN SPACE: OUTLOOK	180
	6 REFERENCES	184
	Chapter 5 ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT IN MICROGRAVITY	188
	1 INTRODUCTION	189
	2 FERTILIZATION AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT	190
	2.1 Fertilization in Microgravity	191
	2.2 Cleavage, Gastrulation, and Neurulation	193
	2.3 Comparative Aspects of Embryonic Development	198
	3 ORGAN DEVELOPMENT	199
	3.1 Nervous System and Sensory Organs	199
	3.2 Muscle and Bone Development	204
	3.3 Respiratory Organ	211
	3.4 Other Organs	213
	4 FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT	213
	4.1 Neuronal Activity	214
	4.2 Metabolic Activity	216
	4.3 Behavior	219
	4.4 Age-Related Microgravity Effects and Critical Periods	225
	4.5 Pregnancy	228
	4.6 Developmental Velocity	229
	4.7 Longevity and Aging	230
	4.8 Regeneration	231
	5 RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES	233
	5.1 Fertility during Long-Term Exposure	233
	5.2 Is Gravity Genetically Coded?	234
	6 REFERENCES	236
	Chapter 6 PLANT DEVELOPMENT IN MICROGRAVITY	244
	1 INTRODUCTION	244
	2 THE RESPONSE OF PLANTS TO A CHANGE IN THE DIRECTION OF GRAVITY	246
	2.1 Perception of Gravity in Plants	246
	2.2 Transduction of Gravistimulus	250
	2.3 Transmission of the Stimulus to the Reaction Zone	253
	2.4 Differential Growth	254
	3 GRAVITROPISM IN ACTUAL AND SIMULATED MICROGRAVITY	257
	3.1 Estimate of Gravisensitivity	257
	3.2 Statocyte Polarity	261
	3.3 Gravisensors: Starch Content and Volume	263
	3.4 Movement of the Organelles in Microgravity	264
	3.5 Gravitropic Response in Microgravity	266
	3.6 The Clinostat as a Tool for Studying Gravisensitivity	268
	4 THE ROLE OF GRAVITY IN PLANT DEVELOPMENT	269
	4.1 Plants and their Environments	269