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Vector Biology, Ecology and Control

:	Peter W. Atkinson
:	Peter W. Atkinson
:	Vector Biology, Ecology and Control
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9789048124589
:	1
:	CHF 132.50
:

:	Zoologie
:	English

:	260
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Mir S. Mulla joined the faculty of the Entomology Department at the University of California, Riverside in 1956, only two years after the Riverside campus was established as an independent campus within the University of California system. Prior to his appointment, Mir received his B.S. from Cornell University and then moved to the University of California, Berkeley to pursue his graduate studies. His Ph.D. from Berkeley, awarded in 1955, completed his formal American education which was the purpose of his immigration from his native Kandahar in Afghanistan. In his over 50 years at Riverside, Mir has made an incalculable impact on vector biology both within the United States and in developing countries throughout the world. Within Southern California, Mir's basic and applied research led to the rapid and sustainable control of mosquitoes and eye gnats in the Coachella Valley and so directly enabled this region to grow to the thriving, large community it is today. In 2006 his efforts in facilitating the development of the low desert of southern California were recognized through the dedication of the Mir S. Mulla Biological Control Facility by the Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District. His success has been so profound that it remains somewhat cryptic to the many who now reside in, visit, and enjoy, this region of California, oblivious to the insect problems that severely restrained development until Mir and his students ?rst applied their expertise many decades ago.

	Contents	5
	Contributors	7
	Introduction	10
	Part I Global Perspectives on Vector-Borne Disease	12
	The Role of Global Climate Patterns in the Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Vector-Borne Disease	13
	Introduction	13
	Methods	14
	Results and Discussion	15
	Development of Climatic Conditions in Fall 2006	15
	Forecasted and Reported Increased Disease Outbreaks	16
	Conclusions	21
	References	22
	The DDT Story: Environmentalism Over Rights to Health and Life	24
	Introduction	24
	The First Uses of IRS	24
	Impact of the Anti-insecticide Movement	26
	Converging Ideologies	28
	Failure of Public Health Advocacy	30
	Failures of Malaria Control Policies	31
	DDT, A Unique Public Health Tool and Still Needed	32
	Failure to Find a DDT Substitute	33
	Need for Advocacy for Public Health Use of Insecticides	33
	References	34
	Vector-Borne Diseases in the 21st Century: Counting Up or Counting Down?	35
	References	41
	Part II Emerging and Invasive Vector-Borne Diseases	44
	The Global Threat of Emergent/Re-emergent Vector-Borne Diseases	45
	Introduction	45
	The Reemergence of Epidemic Vector-Borne Diseases As Public Health Problems	46
	Parasitic Diseases	47
	Bacterial Diseases	47
	Arboviral Diseases	48
	West Nile Virus	50
	Dengue/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever	55
	Yellow Fever	57
	Why Has There Been Such a Dramatic Resurgence of Vector-Borne Diseases?	60
	Lessons Learned and Challenges to Reverse the Trend	62
	References	65
	The Need for Synergy and Value Creation in Contemporary Vector Research and Control	69
	Introduction	69
	The Death of Creativity	71
	Synergy and Value Creation	72
	Architecture and Vector-Borne Disease Control	75
	Genetically Modified Mosquitoes	75
	Larval Control: Forgotten Successes	77
	Synergy and Value Creation at Wageningen University	78
	Identification of Attractants for Malaria Mosquitoes	79
	Toward Biological Control of Adult Mosquito Vectors	81
	The Achilles Heel of Malaria	82
	Conclusions	82
	References	83
	Dramas Down-Under: Changes and Challenges in Australia	86
	Introduction	86
	Exotic Vectors	87
	Exotic Pathogens	89
	Emerging Indigenous Pathogens	94
	The Alphaviruses: Barmah Forest Virus (BFV)	94
	Conclusions	96
	References	97
	Part III Arboviruses and Their Control in the Field	102
	Novel Strategies to Control Aedes aegypti and Dengue	103
	Introduction	103
	Harnessing Vector Innate Immunity to Develop Dengue Resistant Ae. aegypti	104
	RNAi Conditions Arbovirus Infection in Mosquitoes	104
	Association Mapping Links Vector Competence of Ae. aegyptito the Vector Immune Response	105
	Exploitation of the RNAi Response to Generate Transgenic Mosquitoes Immunologically Refractory to Dengue Virus Infection	106
	The Casa Segura (Safe Home) A Novel Approach to Protect the Home from Aedes aegypti	108
	A Dengue Decision Support System for Enhanced Vector Control and Prevention	109
	Development of the Dengue Decision Support System (DDSS)	110
	Syndromic Surveillance for Improved Dengue Control	111
	Conclusions	112
	References	113
	Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever in Thailand: Current Incidence and Vector Management	116
	Introduction	116
	Incidence of DHF	116
	Distribution of Dengue Viruses	118
	DHF Vectors	120
	Current DHF Vector Management	121
	Country Obstacles and Challenges	122
	Difficulty in Mobilizing Community Participation in Vector Control	123
	Insufficient Supply of Materials Used for Vector Control	124
	Lack of Good Management in Vector Control	124
	Lack of Systematic Monitoring of Larval and Adult Resistance to the Insecticides Used	125
	Conclusion	125
	References	126
	Using Mullas Formula to Estimate Percent Control	129
	Introduction	129
	Mullas Formula	132
	Examples	132
	Summary	136
	References	138
	Longitudinal Field Studies Will Guide a Paradigm Shift in Dengue Prevention	140
	Introduction	140
	Dengue Epidemiology and Ecology	142
	Dengue Control	143
	Establishing Goals for Dengue Prevention Programs	145
	Recommendations for Improved Vector Control	151
	The Paradigm Shift from Top-Down Direction to Local Level Decision	152
	Box 1 Key Questions for Development of Innovative, Sustainable, and Cost-Effective Dengue Prevention	151
	Surveillance and Control of Adult Versus Immature Mosquitoes	153
	Emphasis on Intradomicile Vector Control	154
	Integrated Disease Prevention: Vector Control and Vaccines	155
	References	156
	Recombinant Bacterial Larvicides for Control of Important Mosquito Vectors of Disease	163
	Introduction	163
	Basic Biology and Mode of Action of Bt and Bti	164
	Basic Biology and Mode of Action of Bacillus sphaericus (Bs)	167
	Current Usage	167
	Genetic Regulation of Cry and Cyt Protein Synthesis	168
	Construction of Recombinant Bacterial Larvicides	168
	Safety Concerns About Wild Type and Recombinant Bacterial Insecticides	173
	Conclusions	174
	References	175
	Part IV Pest Management and Outreach in Disease Ende