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Water Circulation in Rocks

:	Laura Scesi, Paola Gattinoni
:	Water Circulation in Rocks
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9789048124176
:	1
:	CHF 85.50
:

:	Sonstiges
:	English

:	165
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Understandi g water circulation in rocks represents a very important element to solving many of the problems linked with civil, environmental and mining engineering. This book offers a synthesis of the actual knowledge about the fluid flow in rocks:

- from the medium characterization and the structural geological survey to the generation of stereonets;

- the evaluation of the hydrogeological parameters using either deterministic or probabilistic methodologies;

- the evaluation of the preferential flow direction considering the change of the hydrogeological structures;

- the methods and models used to simulate the flows.

Three case studies are provided; water circulation and slope instability, hydrogeological risk linked with tunnelling, and hydrogeological risk linked with road construction.

Laura Scesi is Professor of Applied Geology at the Polytechnic University of Milan. She published about 70 papers and 4 books on protection and optimization of natural resources, technical, geological and hydrogeological investigations for projects, hydraulic circulation in rocks, landslides and risk analysis, underground excavations.

Paola Gattinoni is Researcher in Applied Geology at the Polytechnic University of Milan. She authored about 40 papers on landslides and groundwater modelling, geological, technical and statistical analysis for hydrogeological setting and rock mass characterization, geological and hydrogeological risk assessment, water circulation in fractured rocks.

	Contents	4
	1 Introduction to Water Circulation in Rocks	7
	1.1 General Observations	7
	1.2 Origin of Discontinuities	8
	1.3 Features of Discontinuities	9
	1.3.1 Orientation	10
	1.3.2 Degree of Fracturing	12
	1.3.3 Persistence	14
	1.3.4 Aperture and Filling	15
	1.3.5 Roughness	16
	1.3.6 Weathering	18
	1.3.7 Moisture Conditions and Seepage	18
	1.4 Graphical Representation of Discontinuities	19
	1.4.1 Equal Areal Projections	20
	1.4.2 Equal Angle Projections	22
	1.5 Basic Elements for Hydrogeological Conceptual Model Definition	25
	1.5.1 The Work Scale	27
	1.5.2 Elementary Representative Volume	28
	1.5.3 Changing of Fracturing Degree with Depth	29
	1.6 Probabilistic Generation of Discontinuity Network	29
	2 Hydraulic Conductivity Assessment	34
	2.1 Introduction	34
	2.2 Deterministic Methodologies	34
	2.2.1 Hydraulic Conductivity Along a Single Fracture	34
	2.2.2 Hydraulic Conductivity Along a Fracture System	37
	2.2.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Tensor	38
	2.2.4 Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity	40
	2.3 Probabilistic Methodologies: Percolation Theory	41
	2.4 In Situ Tests	45
	2.4.1 Lugeon Tests	46
	2.4.2 Hydrogeochemical Methods	47
	2.4.2.1 Traditional Geochemical Methods	47
	2.4.2.2 Methods with Artificial Tracers	48
	2.4.2.3 Isotopic Methods	49
	2.4.3 Hydraulic Tests in Double-Porosity Aquifers	49
	2.4.4 Hydraulic Tests in Anisotropic Aquifers	51
	3 Influence of Joint Features on Rock Mass Hydraulic Conductivity	54
	3.1 Introduction	54
	3.2 Influence of Joint Roughness	54
	3.2.1 Effects of Roughness on Hydraulic Conductivity of a Single Joint: Theoretical Analysis	55
	3.2.2 Effects of Roughness on Hydraulic Conductivity of a Single Joint: Experimental Checking	58
	3.2.3 Effects of Roughness on Rock Mass Hydraulic Conductivity	61
	3.3 Influence of Joint Aperture	63
	3.3.1 Changes in Aperture with Depth	64
	3.3.2 Changes in Aperture with the Stress Field	68
	3.4 Influence of Joint Spacing and Frequency	72
	3.5 Joints Interconnection	74
	4 Main Flow Direction in Rock Masses	78
	4.1 Introduction	78
	4.2 Anisotropy of the Fractured Medium	78
	4.3 Main Flow Direction in Fractured Media	81
	4.4 Non-saturated Medium	82
	4.5 Non-saturated Medium: Main Flow Direction with an Impermeable Layer	86
	4.6 Saturated Medium	87
	4.6.1 Known Hydraulic Gradient	88
	4.6.2 Unknown Hydraulic Gradient	89
	5 Methods and Models to Simulate the Groundwater Flow in Rock Masses	91
	5.1 Introduction	91
	5.2 Basic Elements of a Modeling Approach	91
	5.2.1 Definition of the Conceptual Model	93
	5.2.2 The Model Project	94
	5.2.3 Choice of the Numerical Code	94
	5.3 Darcys Model	95
	5.4 Discrete Models	97
	5.5 Dual Porosity Models	101
	6 Case Histories	104
	6.1 Groundwater Flow and Slope Stability	104
	6.2 Evaluation of the Hydrogeological Risk Linked with Tunneling	111
	6.2.1 Reconstruction of the Groundwater Flow	113
	6.2.2 Estimation of the Tunnel Inflow	114
	6.2.3 Delimitation of the Tunnel Influence Zone	119
	6.2.4 Hydrogeological Risk Analysis	126
	6.3 Hydrogeological Risk Linked with Road Construction	130
	6.4 Mountain Aquifer Exploitation and Safeguard: Eva Verda Basin Case Study (Saint Marcel, Aosta Valley, Italy)	138
	6.4.1 Hydrogeological Reconstruction	141
	6.5 Stochastic Groundwater Modeling for the Drying Risk Assessment	147
	6.5.1 Hydrogeological Setting of the Study Area	148
	6.5.2 Groundwater Model of the Nossana Spring	150
	6.5.3 Factors Involved in the Depletion Curve	154
	6.5.4 Drying Risk Assessment	156
	References	158
	Index	166