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Animal Locomotion

:	Graham Taylor, Michael S. Triantafyllou, Cameron Tropea
:	Graham Taylor, Michael S. Triantafyllou, Cameron Tropea
:	Animal Locomotion
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783642116339
:	1
:	CHF 206.10
:

:	Mechanik, Akustik
:	English

:	443
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

The physical principles of swimming and flying in animals are intriguingly different from those of ships and airplanes. The study of animal locomotion therefore holds a special place not only at the frontiers of pure fluid dynamics research, but also in the applied field of biomimetics, which aims to emulate salient aspects of the performance and function of living organisms. For example, fluid dynamic loads are so significant for swimming fish that they are expected to have developed efficient flow control procedures through the evolutionary process of adaptation by natural selection, which might in turn be applied to the design of robotic swimmers. And yet, sharply contrasting views as to the energetic efficiency of oscillatory propulsion - especially for marine animals - demand a careful assessment of the forces and energy expended at realistic Reynolds numbers. For this and many other research questions, an experimental approach is often the most appropriate methodology. This holds as much for flying animals as it does for swimming ones, and similar experimental challenges apply - studying tethered as opposed to free locomotion, or studying the flow around robotic models as opposed to real animals. This book provides a wide-ranging snapshot of the state-of-the-art in experimental research on the physics of swimming and flying animals. The resulting picture reflects not only upon the questions that are of interest in current pure and applied research, but also upon the experimental techniques that are available to answer them.

	Title Page	1
	Preface	4
	Table of Contents	6
	Swimming hydrodynamics: ten questions and the technical approaches needed to resolve them	10
	Introduction	10
	Ten questions for swimming hydrodynamics	11
	Conclusions	19
	A potential-flow, deformable-body model for fluid–structure interactions with compact vorticity: application to animal swimming measurements	23
	Introduction	23
	Experimental and analytical methods	24
	Results	27
	Discussion	30
	References	31
	Wake visualization of a heaving and pitching foil in a soap film	33
	Introduction	33
	Dimensionless parameterization of a flapping foil	34
	Flapping foil mechanism	35
	Soap film tunnel	37
	Visualization setup	38
	Vortex wake symmetry of a flapping foil	39
	Concluding remarks	40
	References	41
	A harmonic model of hydrodynamic forces produced by a flapping fin	42
	Introduction	42
	Materials and methods	43
	Results and discussion	44
	Conclusions	47
	References	48
	Flowfield measurements in the wake of a robotic lamprey	50
	Introduction	50
	Experiment	51
	Results	52
	Conclusions	56
	References	57
	Impulse generated during unsteady maneuvering of swimming fish	58
	Introduction	58
	Materials and methods	59
	Results and discussion	60
	Conclusion	65
	References	67
	Do trout swim better than eels? Challenges for estimating performance based on the wake of self-propelled bodies	68
	Introduction	68
	Wake flow	70
	Wake power	75
	Conclusions and prospectus	77
	References	78
	Time resolved measurements of the flow generated by suction feeding fish	80
	Introduction	80
	Materials and methods	82
	Results	86
	Discussion	88
	References	91
	Powered control mechanisms contributing to dynamically stable swimming in porcupine puffers (Teleostei: $Diodon holocanthus$)	92
	Introduction	92
	Experiments	93
	Results and discussion	95
	Conclusions	101
	References	101
	Fluid dynamics of self-propelled microorganisms, from individuals to concentrated populations	103
	Introduction	103
	Collective phenomena: the Zooming BioNematic (ZBN)	106
	Coherence of polar and angular order: a novel use of PIV	107
	Recruiting into ZBN domains	110
	Modeling self-propelled microorganisms	111
	Flows and forces	112
	Swimming by microscopic organisms in ambient water flow	120
	Introduction	120
	Materials and methods	121
	Results and discussion	128
	Conclusions	131
	References	131
	Water-walking devices	134
	Introduction	134
	Design principles	135
	Rowing	136
	Leaping	138
	Meniscus climbing	139
	Concluding remarks	141
	References	142
	Flapping flexible fish	144
	Introduction	144
	Methods	145
	Results	150
	Discussion	159
	References	161
	Vortex dynamics in the wake of a mechanical fish	163
	Introduction	163
	Experimental set-up	164
	Results	169
	Conclusions	172
	References	173
	Investigation of flow mechanism of a robotic fish swimming by using flow visualization synchronized with hydrodynamic force measurement	175
	Introduction	175
	Experimental apparatus and technology	176
	Results and analysis	178
	Conclusions and Discussion	184
	References	185
	PIV-based investigations of animal flight	187
	Introduction	188
	Control volume methods	190
	Flight of birds and bats	196
	Extensions and variations	199
	Conclusions	200
	Wing–wake interaction reduces power consumption in insect tandem wings	202
	Introduction	202
	The mechanical dragonfly model	204
	Lift and drag production in tandem wings	205
	Induced power during wing phasing	207
	Aerodynamic power during wing phasing	208
	Aerodynamic efficiency (Figure of Merit)	209
	Conclusions	211
	References	211
	Experimental investigation of some aspects of insect-like flapping flight aerodynamics for application to micro air vehicles	213
	Introduction	213
	Aims and objectives	216
	Experimental setup	217
	Uncertainty analysis	220
	Results and discussion	224
	Conclusions	231
	References	232
	Design and development considerations for biologically inspired flapping-wing micro air vehicles	235
	Introduction	235
	Knoller–Betz–Katzmayr effect	236
	Flow over harmonically plunging airfoils	237
	Boundary layer and flow separation control by means of harmonically plunging airfoils	239
	Thrust measurements of oscillating airfoils in biplane arrangement	241
	Experimental tests of the complete micro air vehicle	242
	Summary and outlook	244
	References	245
	Smoke visualization of free-flying bumblebees indicates independent leading-edge vortices on each wing pair	247
	Introduction	247
	Experim