| Acronymns | 238 |
|---|
| Acronymns | 238 |
|---|
| Acronymns | 238 |
|---|
| 533 | 238 |
|---|
| | 238 |
| | 238 |
|---|
| 533 | 238 |
| Workflow with FlowTech | 534 |
| Evacuation Simulation Example: WTC1 | 536 |
| Future Work | 536 |
| | 536 |
| | 536 |
|---|
| 536 | 536 |
| Pedestrian Movement | 538 |
| Human Behavior | 538 |
| EvaTech Model Validation | 539 |
| Future Work | 540 |
| References | 540 |
| Large Scale Microscopic Evacuation Simulation | 542 |
| Introduction | 542 |
| Simulation Framework | 543 |
| Results | 545 |
| Conclusions | 546 |
| References | 547 |
| Numerical Optimisation Techniques Applied to Evacuation Analysis | 549 |
| Introduction | 549 |
| The Methodology | 550 |
| Demonstration Problem | 551 |
| The Solution | 552 |
| The Design Variables | 552 |
| Results and Discussion | 553 |
| Concluding Comments | 554 |
| Acknowledgements | 554 |
| References | 554 |
| A Multi-Method Approach to the Interpretation of Pedestrian Spatio-Temporal Behaviour | 556 |
| Introduction | 556 |
| Methodology | 557 |
| Heuristic Phase | 558 |
| Initial Results | 559 |
| Example Results Based on Motion Data | 559 |
| Conclusion | 561 |
| References | 561 |
| The Microscopic Model and the Panicking Ball-Bearing | 562 |
| Introduction | 562 |
| Panic | 563 |
| Panic in Microscopic Models | 563 |
| Microscopic Human Factors | 564 |
| Microscopic Human Factors in the Floor Field Model | 565 |
| Conclusion | 567 |
| References | 568 |
| Design of Decision Rules for Crowd Controlling Using Macroscopic Pedestrian Flow Simulation | 569 |
| Introduction | 569 |
| Control Concept | 570 |
| Macroscopic Simulation Model | 571 |
| Measurement Error Characteristics | 572 |
| Design of Decision Rules | 573 |
| Conclusion | 574 |
| References | 574 |
| 3-Tier Architecture for Pedestrian Agent in Crowd Simulation | 576 |
| Introduction | 576 |
| How the Issue Raised | 577 |
| Conflicts in Path Planning | 577 |
| Realistic Movement | 578 |
| Long-Distance Pathfinding | 578 |
| Structure of the Architecture | 579 |
| Event Flow Control Tier | 579 |
| Navigation Tier | 580 |
| Pedestrian Dynamics Tier | 582 |
| Computer Experiments | 583 |
| Finger Effect | 583 |
| Edge Effect | 583 |
| Case Study with | 583 |
| Case Study with | 583 |
|---|
| 584 | 583 |
|---|
| Conclusions | 584 |
| References | 585 |
| Optimising Vessel Layout Using Human Factors Simulation | 587 |
| Introduction | 587 |
| Methodology for Assessing Human Factors Performance | 588 |
| The Components of the Human Performance Metric | 588 |
| Evaluation Scenarios | 589 |
| Functional Groups | 589 |
| Performance Measures | 589 |
| Defining the Human Performance Metric | 589 |
| Demonstration Application of the HPM | 590 |
| The Geometry | 590 |
| The Scenarios | 590 |
| The Simulation Software | 591 |
| Results and Analysis | 591 |
| Concluding Comments | 593 |
| References | 593 |
