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Vision and Displays for Military and Security Applications The Advanced Deployable Day/Night Simulation Project

:	Keith K. Niall
:	Keith K. Niall
:	Vision and Displays for Military and Security Applications The Advanced Deployable Day/Night Simulation Project
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9781441917232
:	1
:	CHF 132.90
:

:	Elektronik, Elektrotechnik, Nachrichtentechnik
:	English

:	212
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Realistic and immersive simulations of land, sea, and sky are requisite to the military use of visual simulation for mission planning. Until recently, the simulation of natural environments has been limited first of all by the pixel resolution of visual displays. Visual simulation of those natural environments has also been limited by the scarcity of detailed and accurate physical descriptions of them. Our aim has been to change all that. To this end, many of us have labored in adjacent fields of psych- ogy, engineering, human factors, and computer science. Our efforts in these areas were occasioned by a single question: how distantly can fast-jet pilots discern the aspect angle of an opposing aircraft, in visual simulation? This question needs some ela- ration: it concerns fast jets, because those simulations involve the representation of high speeds over wide swaths of landscape. It concerns pilots, since they begin their careers with above-average acuity of vision, as a population. And it concerns aspect angle, which is as much as to say that the three-dimensional orientation of an opposing aircraft relative to one's own, as revealed by motion and solid form. v vi Preface The single question is by no means simple. It demands a criterion for eye-limiting resolution in simulation. That notion is a central one to our study, though much abused in general discussion. The question at hand, as it was posed in the 1990s, has been accompanied by others.

	Preface	5
	Contents	8
	Chapter 1	10
	Creating Day and Night: Past, Present, and Future	10
	1.1 Act I: Day and Night	11
	1.2 Act II: Day and Night	12
	1.3 Act III: Day for Night	13
	1.4 Act IV: Night for Day	16
	1.5 Act V: Day in Night	17
	1.6 Simulation and Evaluation	18
	Chapter 2	21
	Development of a DVI-Compatible VGA Projector Engine Based on Flexible Reflective Analog Modulators	21
	2.1 FRAM Fabrication for VGA Projection Display	26
	2.2 FRAM Array Testing and Selection	27
	2.2.1 Test Setup	27
	2.2.2 FRAM Array Screening Procedure	28
	2.3 Projector Engine Control	29
	2.4 480.×.1 FRAM Array Packaging	31
	2.5 Projector Engine Integration	32
	2.6 Conclusion	34
	Chapter 3	35
	Brightness and Contrast of Images with Laser-Based Video Projectors	35
	3.1 LBVP Displaying Mechanisms	39
	3.2 Conventional Image Characterization	39
	3.3 Highlight of the Proposed Alternative Method	40
	3.4 Optical Properties of Screens	40
	3.4.1 Reflectivity Characteristics of a General Screen	41
	3.4.2 Determining Spectral Radiance of a Screen from its BRDF	43
	3.4.3 Determining Reflected Luminance	45
	3.4.4 Determining Contrast	46
	3.5 Practical Considerations	47
	3.5.1 Parasitic Light	47
	3.5.1.1 Veiling Glare	47
	3.5.1.2 Environment Dependent Parasitic Light	48
	3.5.2 Spatial Sampling	48
	3.5.2.1 Pixel Filling, Pixel Overlap, Pixel Shape	48
	3.5.2.2 Speckle	50
	3.5.3 Detector Temporal Response	52
	3.6 Description of the Proposed Method	52
	3.6.1 Step 1: Irradiance Measurement	53
	3.6.1.1 Test Pattern	53
	3.6.1.2 Detector Shapes and Sizes	53
	3.6.1.3 Detector-System Cut-Off Frequency and Sampling Rate	54
	3.6.1.4 Spectral Measurements	54
	3.6.1.5 Reduction of Measurement Errors Due to Parasitic Light	55
	3.6.2 Step 2: Measurement of the BRDF	55
	3.6.3 Step 3: Data Processing	55
	3.7 Conclusion	56
	Chapter 4	57
	Physics Based Simulation of Light Sources	57
	4.1 Background: The State of Fielded Training Systems Technology	59
	4.2 Modeling of Point Sources	59
	4.2.1 Modeling of Reflected Light	60
	4.2.2 Modeling of the Placement of Cultural Lights	61
	4.2.3 Physical Cultural Lighting Data in the Public Domain	62
	4.2.4 Appearance of Cultural Lighting Objects	62
	4.2.5 Radiative Properties of Cultural Lighting Objects	62
	4.3 Placement of Cultural Lighting Objects	63
	4.3.1 A Proof of Concept	63
	4.3.2 Modeling of Point Sources	64
	4.3.3 Modeling of Reflected Light	64
	4.3.4 Modeling of the Placement of Cultural Lights	65
	4.3.5 Application Description	65
	4.3.6 Results	66
	4.3.7 Next Steps	66
	4.3.8 Integration of Visual Simulation and Lighting Formats and Standards	67
	4.3.9 Aggregation of Detailed Cultural Lighting Data Dictionary	67
	4.3.10 Simulation Database Tools	68
	4.3.11 Runtime Graphics Tools	68
	Chapter 5	69
	Integration of a Deployable CIGI-Based Image Generator in an Existing Simulation	69
	5.1 Background	73
	5.2 MTT Visual Functions	73
	5.3 MetaVR Image Generator	73
	5.4 Flight IG	74
	5.5 Common Image Generator Interface (CIGI)	74
	5.6 Integration of the ADDNS Image Generation System with the Multi-Task Trainer	75
	5.7 IG Message Comparison	75
	5.8 CIGI API Calls	77
	5.9 Integration Logic of CIGI Calls with MTT	78
	5.10 Eagle IG/MTT Integration Issues	78
	5.11 Conclusion	80
	Chapter 6	83
	Advances in Scalable Generic Image Generator Technology for the Advanced Deployable Day/Night Simulation Project	83
	6.1 UHR Projector IG Interface Requirements	85
	6.2 Additional IG Design Considerations	86
	6.3 Scalable GSP Software Architecture	87
	6.4 Overview of PC-IG Hardware and Software Selections	88
	6.5 Physical IG Characteristics and Operating Considerations	89
	6.6 Genlock System and Testing	89
	6.7 Power Investigation and Measurement	90
	6.8 Acoustic Noise Level Investigation and Reduction Strategy	90
	6.9 Multiple-Channel Integration and Distributed Rendering Using CIGI Protocol	90
	6.10 SW Host Emulator and Scripts for System Demonstration	91
	6.11 IG System Validation and HW Performance Analysis	92
	6.12 Current Development and Status of the Second Build of the IG Software System	93
	6.13 Conclusions	93
	Chapter 7	94
	Detection Threshold of Visual Displacement in a Networked Flight Simulator	94
	7.1 Methods	98
	7.2 Procedure	99
	7.3 Results	99
	7.4 Discussion	101
	7.5 Impact	102
	Chapter 8	104
	Evaluation of the Spatial and Temporal Resolution of Digital Projectors for use in Full-Field Flight Simulation	104
	8.1 Methods	108
	8.1.1 General Evaluation Methods	108
	8.1.1.1 Spatial Resolution	108
	8.1.1.2 Temporal Response	108
	8.1.1.3 Tracking Blur	108
	8.1.1.4 Projector Characteristics	109
	8.1.2 Projector-Specific Methods	109
	8.1.2.1 LCoS-Electronic Projector	109
	8.1.2.2 LCoS-Mechanical Projector	110
	8.1.2.3 DLP-Electronic Projector	112
	8.1.2.4 LCD-Mechanical Projector	112
	8.1.2.5 LCD and CRT Projectors	112
	8.2 Results	112
	8.2.1 Spatial Resolution	112
	8.2.2 Temporal Response	113
	8.2.3 Tracking Blur	113
	8.3 Disc