| Preface | 5 |
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| Acknowledgment | 6 |
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| Contents | 7 |
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| Contributors | 9 |
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| Part I Upper GI Bleeding | 12 |
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| Stabilization of Patients Presenting with Upper GastrointestinalBleeding | 13 |
| Introduction | 13 |
| Goals of Therapy | 16 |
| History | 16 |
| Hemodynamic Resuscitation | 16 |
| Cessation of Bleeding | 17 |
| Endoscopy | 17 |
| Esophageal Tamponade | 18 |
| Percutaneous | 18 |
| Surgery | 18 |
| Pharmacological Adjuncts | 19 |
| Prevention of Recurrence | 19 |
| Conclusions | 20 |
| References | 20 |
| Urgent Workup for Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding | 23 |
| Introduction | 23 |
| Medical Workup | 23 |
| Esophagogastroduodenoscopy in Non-variceal Bleeding | 25 |
| Endoscopic Findings | 26 |
| Arteriography | 27 |
| Tagged Red Cell Scan | 29 |
| CT Angiography (CTA) | 30 |
| Variceal Bleeding | 30 |
| Small Bowel Bleeding | 31 |
| Summary | 31 |
| References | 31 |
| Management of Esophageal Variceal Bleeding | 33 |
| Introduction | 33 |
| Management | 34 |
| Prevention of Initial Bleed | 34 |
| Management of Acute Bleeding | 35 |
| Conclusion | 39 |
| References | 39 |
| Management of Dieulafoys Lesions | 41 |
| Introduction | 41 |
| Pathophysiology | 41 |
| Risk Factors | 42 |
| Clinical Presentation | 42 |
| Clinical Management | 43 |
| Summary | 45 |
| References | 46 |
| Management of Bleeding Peptic Ulcer Disease | 48 |
| Epidemiology | 48 |
| Presentation | 51 |
| Initial Management | 51 |
| Risk Stratification | 52 |
| Endoscopic Therapy | 56 |
| Medical Therapy | 59 |
| Interventional Therapy | 61 |
| Surgical Therapy | 65 |
| References | 67 |
| Management of Unusual Sources of Upper GI Bleeding | 74 |
| GAVE: Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia | 74 |
| Aortoenteric Fistula | 76 |
| Arteriovenous Malformation | 81 |
| Hemorrhagic Gastritis | 83 |
| Summary | 85 |
| References | 85 |
| MalloryWeiss Syndrome | 87 |
| Introduction | 87 |
| Etiology and Pathogenesis | 87 |
| Presentation | 88 |
| Diagnosis | 88 |
| Treatment | 88 |
| Conclusion | 91 |
| References | 92 |
| Management of Bleeding Small Bowel Tumors | 93 |
| Introduction | 93 |
| Epidemiology of Bleeding Small Bowel Tumors | 94 |
| Approach to Patients with Bleeding Small Bowel Neoplasms | 95 |
| Low-Yield Tools | 96 |
| Higher Yield Tools | 99 |
| Management of Bleeding Small Bowel Neoplasms | 100 |
| Bleeding Small Bowel Neoplasms | 101 |
| Benign Small Bowel Tumors | 101 |
| Malignant Small Bowel Tumors | 104 |
| Summary | 107 |
| References | 107 |
| Management of Bleeding from the Bile Duct | 111 |
| Presentation and Differential Diagnosis | 111 |
| Pathophysiology and Etiology | 112 |
| Diagnostic Work-Up | 114 |
| Therapy | 115 |
| References | 117 |
| Management of Bleeding from the Pancreas | 119 |
| Introduction | 119 |
| Surgical Anatomy | 119 |
| Clinical Presentation | 120 |
| Diagnostic Studies | 121 |
| Pathophysiology | 122 |
| Management | 122 |
| Conclusion | 123 |
| References | 123 |
| Part II Lower GI Bleeding | 126 |
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| Urgent Workup of Lower GI Bleeding | 127 |
| Introduction | 127 |
| Resuscitation and Stabilization for Massive LGIB | 130 |
| Urgent Colonoscopy | 131 |
| Urgent Arteriography | 133 |
| Urgent Tagged Red Blood Cell Scan | 134 |
| References | 137 |
| Bleeding Hemorrhoids |
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