| Preface | 5 |
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| Contents | 15 |
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| Contributors | 17 |
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| Part I Trends and Issues in Learning, Design, and Technology | 19 |
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| Introduction | 20 |
| Understanding School Leaders' Role in Teachers' Adoptionof Technology Integration Classroom Practices | 24 |
| Introduction | 24 |
| Research Questions | 25 |
| Review of Literature | 26 |
| Theoretical Perspective | 28 |
| Methodology | 29 |
| Pre-survey | 29 |
| Principal Interviews | 30 |
| Focus Group Interviews | 31 |
| Documentation Review | 31 |
| Case Studies | 31 |
| Washington Middle School | 31 |
| Jefferson Middle School | 34 |
| Adams Middle School | 36 |
| Madison Middle School | 37 |
| Overall Analysis | 40 |
| Strategy 1: Vision | 40 |
| Strategy 2: Modeling | 41 |
| Strategy 3: Expectations | 41 |
| Strategy 4: Resources | 42 |
| Strategy 5: Encouragement | 42 |
| Strategy 6: Human Capital | 42 |
| Strategy 7: Professional Learning | 43 |
| Strategy 8: Building Capacity | 43 |
| Conclusion | 44 |
| References | 44 |
| Issues and Trends in Instructional Technology: Growthand Maturation of Web-Based Tools in a Challenging Climate | Social Networks Gain Educators' Attention |
| Overall Developments | 46 |
| Web 2.0 Continues to Mature: Social Networks Achieve Greater Popularity | 47 |
| Online Learning Continues Its Growth | 47 |
| Corporate Training and Development | 47 |
| Learning Expenditure and Employee Use | 48 |
| Instructional Content | 48 |
| Use of Technology: E-learning Is Still on the Rise | 48 |
| Higher Education | 49 |
| Information Technology Planning and Budgeting on Campus | 49 |
| Campus Technology Support and Use of Technology for Instruction | 49 |
| Technology Support for Faculty | 50 |
| Student Computing | 50 |
| K-12 Education | 51 |
| The Overall State of K-12 Technology | 51 |
| Funding | 52 |
| Teacher Technology Training, Certification, and Professional Development | 52 |
| Student and Teacher Access to Technology | 54 |
| Student Use of Technology | 55 |
| Innovative and Emerging Technologies Used in K-12 | 56 |
| Conclusion | 58 |
| References | 59 |
| Rapid Prototyping for Designing and DeliveringTechnology-Based Lessons | 61 |
| Introduction | 61 |
| Rapid Prototyping Model | 62 |
| Theoretical Framework | 63 |
| Background of the Project | 63 |
| Aims of the Project | 64 |
| Needs Analysis | 64 |
| Constructing a Prototype | 65 |
| Utilizing the Prototype | 65 |
| Installing the Final System | 65 |
| Results | 66 |
| Limitations with the Project | 67 |
| Discussion | 67 |
| Conclusion | 70 |
| References | 70 |
| Theory-Based Evaluation of Instruction: Implicationsfor Improving Student Learning Achievement in Postsecondary Education | 72 |
| Problem | 73 |
| Recent Reports on College Student Achievement -- or Lack Thereof | 74 |
| Research Questions | 75 |
| Method | 77 |
| Results | 77 |
| Nature of Courses and Respondents | 77 |
| Relationships Among Variables | 79 |
| Scale Reliabilities | 80 |
| Correlational Analyses | 82 |
| Pattern Analysis (APT) | 84 |
| Discussion | 87 |
| Conclusion | 89 |
| References | 90 |
| Developing Technology Fluency in Community Practice: Exploration of the Paintbrush Metaphor | 93 |
| Context: The Girls Only Technology Program at the Computer Clubhouse | 94 |
| Conceptual Framework | 95 |
| Literature Review | 97 |
| Methods | 99 |
| Setting | 99 |
| Participants | 100 |
| Researcher Role | 100 |
| Data Sources | 101 |
| Approach to Data Analysis | 101 |
| The Limits of the Technology as Paintbrush Metaphor in the Girls Only Program | 102 |
| Messages About How to Use Technology: The Physical Environment | 102 |
| Messages About How to Use Technology from the Curriculum | 104 |
| Messages About How to Use Technology from Social Interaction | 106 |
| Technology as Paintbrush: Its Impact on Technological Identities | 107 |
| What Happens When We Lower the Floor? | 108 |
| Appendix: Survey Items Related to the Technology as Paintbrush Ideational Artifact | 111 |
| References | 112 |
| The Instructional and Learning Technologies Department (ILT) in the College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University | 114 |
| The Department | 114 |
| Vision and Objectives | 115 |
| Organization | 115 |
| Resources | 115 |
| Human Resources | 115 |
| Facilities and Technical Resources | 116 |
| Financial Resources | 117 |
| Teaching Activities | 117 |
| Research Activities | 117 |
| Community Service | 118 |
| The Programme | 118 |
| Programme Objectives | 119 |