| Series Editor Introduction | 6 |
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| Preface | 8 |
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| Contents | 9 |
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| Contributors | 11 |
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| Identifying Stroke and Stroke Type | 13 |
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| Identifying Stroke | 13 |
| Typical Symptoms/Signs of Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack | 14 |
| Typical Signs/Symptoms of Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 16 |
| Typical Signs/Symptoms of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage | 17 |
| Typical Signs/Symptoms of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis | 20 |
| Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack - Acute Evaluation and Management | 21 |
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| Pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke | 21 |
| Early Stroke Recognition and Identification of Stroke Type | 22 |
| Stroke Recognition by the Community | 23 |
| Stroke Recognition in the Emergency Room | 23 |
| Ischemic Stroke Types | 24 |
| Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) | 24 |
| Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) | 24 |
| Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) | 25 |
| Basilar Artery (BA) and Vertebral Arteries (VA) | 26 |
| Lacunar Syndromes | 26 |
| A Word About Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) | 27 |
| Emergency Department Management of Ischemic Stroke | 28 |
| Rapid Testing | 28 |
| The NIH Stroke Scale | 29 |
| Deciding Whether to Administer IV tPA | 30 |
| Caveats and Special Considerations | 30 |
| Beyond the 3-h Time Frame | 31 |
| Inpatient Care | 32 |
| Blood Pressure | 32 |
| IV Fluids | 33 |
| Glucose | 33 |
| Anticoagulation | 33 |
| Platelet Inhibition | 34 |
| Preventing and Treating Stroke Complications | 35 |
| Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) | 35 |
| Infection Prevention and Treatment | 35 |
| Cerebral Edema | 35 |
| Hemorrhagic Transformation | 36 |
| In-Patient Testing for Stroke/TIA Etiology | 36 |
| Beginning Preventative Treatment in the Hospital | 38 |
| Hypertension | 38 |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 38 |
| Carotid Artery Stenosis | 39 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 39 |
| Smoking Cessation | 39 |
| Antiplatelet Medication | 40 |
| Conclusion | 40 |
| Brief Summary | 40 |
| References | 43 |
| Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: Long-Term Management and Secondary Prevention | 46 |
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| Introduction | 46 |
| Traditional Risk Factors | 54 |
| Emerging Risk Factors and Special Considerations | 57 |
| Medical Therapy | 60 |
| Surgical Therapy | 63 |
| Lifestyle Interventions | 63 |
| References | 64 |
| Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Acute Evaluation and Management | 68 |
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| Presenting Signs and Symptoms | 68 |
| Diagnostic Testing | 68 |
| Etiology/Pathophysiology | 69 |
| Treatment | 70 |
| General Measures | 70 |
| Bleeding Disorders | 70 |
| Blood Pressure | 71 |
| Fever | 71 |
| Hyperglycemia | 71 |
| Seizure Prophylaxis | 71 |
| Surgical Intervention for Hematoma Evacuation | 72 |
| Cerebellar Hemorrhages | 72 |
| Supratentorial Hemorrhages | 72 |
| Controversial Interventions | 73 |
| ICH Complications and Their Treatments | 73 |
| Hematoma Enlargement | 73 |
| Edema Formation | 73 |
| Hydrocephalus | 74 |
| Increased Intracranial Pressure | 74 |
| Seizures and Status Epilepticus | 75 |
| Isolated Seizure | 76 |
| Status Epilepticus | 76 |
| Herniation Syndromes | 76 |
| Secondary Infarcts | 77 |
| Brief Summary | 77 |
| References | 78 |
| Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Long-Term Complications and Prevention | 80 |
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| Introduction | 80 |
| Outcome After Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 80 |
| Early Deterioration After Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 81 |
| Neurologic and Medical Complications After Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 81 |
| Recurrent Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 82 |
| Risk of Ischemic Stroke | 83 |
| Antiplatelet Use After Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 83 |
| Anticoagulant Use After Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 84 |
| Primary Prevention of Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 84 |
| Secondary Prevention of Intracerebral Hemorrhage | 85 |
| Conclusion | 85 |
| References | 86 |
| Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Diagnosis and Acute Management | 91 |
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| Basic Concepts | 91 |
| Definition | 91 |
| Background | 91 |
| Presenting Symptoms and Signs | 92 |
| Clinical Presentation | 92 |
| Headache | 93 |
| Signs of Meningeal Irritation | 94 |
| Changes in the Level of Consciousness | 94 |
| Focal Neurological Manifestations | 95 |
| Seizures | 95 |
| Fever | 95 |
| Intraocular Hemorrhages and Papilledema | 96 |
| Etiologies (Table 6.3) | 96 |
| Ruptured Saccular Aneurysm | 96 |
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