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Charged Particle Traps II Applications

:	Günther Werth, Viorica N. Gheorghe, F. G. Major
:	Charged Particle Traps II Applications
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783540922612
:	1
:	CHF 85.40
:

:	Atomphysik, Kernphysik
:	English

:	276
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

This second volume of the Charged Particle Traps deals with the rapidly expanding body of research exploiting the electromagnetic con?nement of ions, whose principles and techniques were the subject of volume I. These applications include revolutionary advances in diverse ?elds, ranging from such practical ?elds as mass spectrometry, to the establishment of an ult- stable standard of frequency and the emergent ?eld of quantum computing made possible by the observation of the quantum behavior of laser-cooled con?nedions. Bothexperimentalandtheoretica activity intheseapplications has proliferated widely, and the number of diverse articles in the literature on its many facets has reached the point where it is useful to distill and organize the published work in a uni?ed volume that de?nes the current status of the ?eld. As explained in volume I, the technique of con?ning charged particles in suitable electromagnetic ?elds was initially conceived by W. Paul as a thr- dimensional version of his rf quadrupole mass ?lter. Its ?rst application to rf spectroscopy on atomic ions was completed in H. G. Dehmelt's laboratory where notable work was later done on the free electron using the Penning trap. The further exploitation of these devices has followed more or less - dependently along the two initial broad areas: mass spectrometry and high resolution spectroscopy. In volume I a detailed account is given of the theory of operation and experimental techniques of the various forms of Paul and Penning ion traps.

	Preface	6
	Contents	8
	Part I Electromagnetic Trap Properties	12
	1 Summary of Trap Properties	13
	1.1 Trapping Principles in Paul Traps	13
	1.1.1 General Principles	15
	1.1.2 Potential Depth	17
	1.1.3 Motional Spectrum	18
	1.1.4 Optimum Trapping Conditions	18
	1.1.5 Storage Time	19
	1.1.6 Ion Density Distribution	20
	1.1.7 Storage Capability	20
	1.1.8 Paul Trap Imperfections	21
	1.2 Trapping Principles in Penning Traps	23
	1.2.1 Theory of the Ideal Penning Trap	23
	1.2.2 Motional Spectrum in Penning Traps	25
	1.2.3 Penning Trap Imperfections	26
	1.2.4 Storage Time	28
	1.2.5 Storage Capability	30
	1.2.6 Spatial Distribution	30
	1.3 Trap Techniques	31
	1.3.1 Trap Loading	31
	In-trap Ion Creation	31
	Ion Injection from Outside	31
	1.3.2 Trapped Particle Detection	33
	Destructive Detection	33
	Nondestructive Detection	34
	1.4 Ion Cooling Techniques	38
	1.4.1 Buffer Gas Cooling	38
	1.4.2 Resistive Cooling	39
	1.4.3 Laser Cooling	40
	1.4.4 Radiative Cooling	43
	Part II Mass Spectrometry	45
	2 Mass Spectrometry Using Paul Traps	46
	2.1 The Quadrupole Ion Trap as a Mass Spectrometer	49
	2.2 The ``Mass Instability Method'' of Detection	50
	2.3 Sources of Mass Error in Ion Ejection Methods	53
	2.4 Nonlinear Resonances in Imperfect Quadrupole Trap	53
	2.5 Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Spectrometer	55
	2.6 Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers	57
	2.7 Tandem Quadrupole Fourier Transform Spectrometer	59
	2.8 Silicon-Based Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers	61
	3 Mass Spectroscopy in Penning Trap	64
	3.1 Systematic Frequency Shifts	64
	3.1.1 Electric Field Imperfections	64
	3.1.2 Magnetic Field Imperfections	66
	3.1.3 Misalignements and Trap Ellipticity	66
	3.1.4 Image Charges	67
	3.1.5 Magnetic Field Fluctuations	67
	3.2 Observation of Motional Resonances	69
	3.2.1 Nondestructive Observation	69
	3.2.2 Destructive Observation	72
	3.3 Line Shape of Motional Resonances	75
	3.3.1 Nondestructive Detection	75
	3.3.2 Destructive Detection	77
	Dipole Excitation	77
	Quadrupole Excitation	78
	Ramsey Excitation	79
	3.4 Experimental Procedures	81
	3.4.1 Reference Ions	82
	3.5 Selected Results	85
	3.5.1 Stable and Long Lived Isotopes	86
	3H 3He Mass Difference	86
	Proton/Electron Mass Ratio	87
	Proton/Antiproton Mass Ratio	87
	Cs Mass and the Fine Structure Constant	87
	SI Mass and the Kilogram	88
	3.5.2 Short-Lived Isotopes	88
	Part III Spectroscopy with Trapped Charged Particles	91
	4 Microwave Spectroscopy	92
	4.1 Zeeman Spectroscopy	92
	4.1.1 g-Factor of the Free Electron	93
	4.1.2 g-Factor of the Bound Electron	102
	4.1.3 Atomic g-Factor	108
	4.1.4 Nuclear gI-Factor	110
	4.2 Hyperfine Structures in the Ground States	112
	4.2.1 Summary of HFS Theory	112
	4.2.2 Early Experiments	114
	4.2.3 Laser Microwave Double Resonance Spectroscopy	120
	4.3 Microwave Atomic Clocks	125
	4.3.1 Definition of the Unit of Time	125
	4.3.2 Trapped Ion Microwave Standards	128
	The JPL 199Hg+ Standard	130
	The NIST 199Hg+ Standard	132
	Other Possible Ion Microwave Standards	135
	5 Optical Spectroscopy	136
	5.1 Optical Frequency Standards	136
	5.1.1 Theoretical Limit to Laser Spectral Purity	136
	5.1.2 Laser Stabilization	138
	5.1.3 Single Ion Optical Frequency Standards	140
	Servo-Related Limit on Stability: The Dick Effect	140
	Quantum Projection Noise	142
	The 199Hg+ Optical Standard	143
	Optical Frequency Standards Based on Alkaline Earth Ions	145
	Optical Frequency Standard Based on 171Yb+ Ion	148
	Optical Frequency Standard based on 115In+ Ion	151
	Optical Frequency Standard Based on 27Al+ Ion	152
	5.1.4 Correction of Systematic Errors	154
	The Electric Quadrupole Shift	155
	The Quadratic Zeeman Shift	156
	Relativistic Doppler Shift	157
	Quadratic Stark Shifts	158
	Gravitational Red Shift	158
	Other Systematic Biases	158
	5.1.5 Optical Frequency Measurement	159
	5.2 Progress in Standards	164