| Preface | 5 |
|---|
| Table of Contents | 9 |
|---|
| 1 Introduction | 16 |
|---|
| Three Reference Classes of Hypersonic Vehicles | 17 |
| Aerothermodynamics and the Definition and Development of Flight Vehicles | 19 |
| Design Sensitivities and Margins versus Data Uncertainties | 19 |
| Deficits of Aerothermodynamic Simulation Means | 20 |
| Scope and Content of the Book | 23 |
| References | 24 |
| 2 Short Introduction to Flight Trajectories for Aerothermodynamicists | 26 |
|---|
| Flight Trajectories of Winged and Non-Winged Re-Entry Vehicles | 28 |
| General Aspects | 28 |
| Guidance Objectives, Trajectory Control Variables, and Systems and Operational Constraints | 31 |
| Forces Acting on a Re-Entry Vehicle | 36 |
| The Equilibrium Glide Trajectory | 39 |
| Equilibrium Glide Trajectory: Qualitative Results | 42 |
| Case Study 1: Trajectories of RV-NW's | 47 |
| Case Study 2: Trajectory of a RV-W (X-38) | 49 |
| Flight Trajectories of Cruise and Acceleration Vehicles | 52 |
| General Aspects | 52 |
| Guidance Objectives, Trajectory Control Variables, and Systems and Operational Constraints | 55 |
| Forces Acting on a Cruise and Acceleration Vehicle | 57 |
| Case Study 3: Trajectory of a CAV (SÄNGER) | 59 |
| General Equations for Planetary Flight | 62 |
| Problems | 69 |
| References | 70 |
| 3 Aerothermodynamic Design Problems of Winged Re-Entry Vehicles | 73 |
|---|
| Overview of Aerothermodynamic Issues of Winged Re-Entry Vehicles | 73 |
| Aerothermodynamic Phenomena | 73 |
| Major Simulation Problem: High Mach Number and Total Enthalpy Effects | 78 |
| Particular Trends in RV-W Aerothermodynamics | 78 |
| Stagnation Pressure | 78 |
| Topology of the Windward Side Velocity Field | 81 |
| Lift Generation | 85 |
| Base Pressure and Drag | 87 |
| Aerodynamic Performance Data of RV-W's | 88 |
| Space Shuttle Orbiter | 89 |
| HERMES Configuration | 92 |
| HOPE-X Configuration | 95 |
| X-34 Configuration | 96 |
| X-38 Configuration | 99 |
| HOPPER/PHOENIX Configuration | 103 |
| Summary | 105 |
| Vehicle Flyability and Controllability | 108 |
| General Considerations | 108 |
| Trim and Stability of RV-W's | 109 |
| The Hypersonic Pitching Moment Anomaly of the Space Shuttle Orbiter | 112 |
| Trim Situation and Possible Causes of the Pitching Moment Anomaly | 113 |
| Pressure Coefficient Distribution at the Windward Side of the Orbiter | 115 |
| The Forward Shift of the Center-of-Pressure | 121 |
| The Hypersonic Pitching Moment Anomaly in View of Oswatitsch's Mach Number Independence Principle | 123 |
| Introduction | 123 |
| Wall Pressure Coefficient Distribution | 125 |
| A Simple Analysis of Flight Mach Number and High-Temperature Real Gas Effects | 131 |
| Reconsideration of the Pitching Moment Anomaly and Summary of Results | 133 |
| Concluding Remarks | 135 |
| Problems | 135 |
| References | 137 |
| 4 Aerothermodynamic Design Problems of Winged Airbreathing Vehicles | 142 |
|---|
| Overview of Aerothermodynamic Issues of Cruise and Acceleration Vehicles | 143 |
| Aerothermodynamic Phenomena | 143 |
| Major Simulation Problem: Viscous Effects | 150 |
| Particular Trends in CAV/ARV Aerothermodynamics | 154 |
| Stagnation Pressure | 154 |
| Topology of the Forebody Windward Side Velocity Field | 155 |
| Lift Generation | 155 |
| Base Pressure and Drag | 155 |
| Aerodynamic Performance | 157 |
| Example: Flight Parameters and Aerodynamic Coefficients of the Reference Concept SÄNGER | 158 |
| General Configurational Aspects: Highly Coupled Lift and Propulsion System | 166 |
| Some Vehicle Shape Considerations | 166 |
| Bookkeeping of Aerothermodynamic and Propulsion System Forces | 169 |
| Issues of Aerothermodynamic Airframe/PropulsionIntegration | 177 |
| Forebody Effect | 178 |
| Flat versus Conical Lower Side of Forebody | 179 |
| Principle of Forebody Pre-Compression | 181 |
| Net Thrust Sensitivity on Pre-Compression | 185 |
| Inlet Ramp Flow | 188 |
| Waverider Configurations | 192 |
| Introduction | 192 |
| Design Methods | 193 |
| Exemplary Waverider Designs | 198 |
| Influence of Viscous Effects on the Aerodynamic Performance | 201 |
| Off-Design and Low-Speed Behavior | 205 |
| Static Stability Considerations | 212 |
| Waverider—Operable Vehicle? | 213 |
| Problems | 216 |
| References | 218 |
| 5 Aerothermodynamic Design Problems of Non-Winged Re-Entry Vehicles | 223 |
|---|
| Introduction and Entry Strategies | 223 |
| Aerobraking | 225 |
| Aerocapturing | 226 |
| Ballistic Flight—Ballistic Factor | 226 |
| General Configurational Aspects | 227 |
| Ballistic Probes | 227 |
| Lifting Capsules | 230 |
| Bicones | 234 |
| Trim Conditions and Static Stability of RV-NW's | 236 |
| Park's Formula | 236 |
| Performance Data of Lifting Capsules | 238 |
| Controlled Flight and the Role of theCenter-of-Gravity | 242 |
| Sensitivity of Aerodynamics against Shape Variations | 245 |
| Parasite Trim | 247 |
|
|
