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Neutron Imaging and Applications A Reference for the Imaging Community

:	Hassina Z. Bilheux, Robert McGreevy, Ian S. Anderson
:	Ian S. Anderson, Robert McGreevy, Hassina Z. Bilheux
:	Neutron Imaging and Applications A Reference for the Imaging Community
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9780387786933
:	1
:	CHF 132.40
:

:	Maschinenbau, Fertigungstechnik
:	English

:	341
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Neutron Imaging and Applications offers an introduction to the basics of neutron beam production in addition to the wide scope of techniques that enhance imaging application capabilities. An instructional overview of neutron sources, detectors, optics and spin-filters allows readers to delve more deeply into the discussions of radiography, tomography and prospective applications available in neutron holography techniques. A section devoted to current applications describes imaging single grains in polycrystalline materials, neutron imaging of geological materials and other materials science and engineering areas. Coverage of thermal neutron imaging of biological tissues, plant physiology, Homeland Security and contraband detection explore the future prospects of this cutting-edge research.

Written by key experts in the field, researchers and engineers involved with imaging technologies will findNeutron Imaging and Applications a valuable reference.

	Neutron Imaging and Applications	2
	Preface	6
	Contents	13
	Contributors	15
	Section A	17
	Introduction to the Neutron	18
	1.1 Introduction	18
	1.2 Interactions with Matter and Cross Sections	20
	References	26
	Neutron Sources and Facilities	28
	2.1 Introduction	28
	2.2 Neutron Production	30
	2.2.1 Reactors	30
	2.2.2 Proton Accelerator-Based Sources	30
	2.3 Moderation Mechanisms for Reactors and Spallation Sources	36
	2.3.1 Reactor Neutron Sources	36
	2.3.2 Pulsed Spallation Neutron Sources	37
	2.4 Comparison of Source Types	41
	2.5 Neutron Facilities	42
	2.6 Smaller Neutron Sources for Imaging and Other Applications	42
	References	44
	Neutron Optics	46
	3.1 Introduction	46
	3.2 Source Optics	47
	3.3 Reflection Optics: Neutron Guides	48
	3.4 Diffraction Optics	51
	3.5 Refraction Optics	55
	3.6 Polarisation Optics	55
	References	60
	Neutron Detectors for Imaging	61
	4.1 Overview of Neutron Converters	61
	4.2 Data Acquisition for Continuous and Time-Dependent Applications	63
	4.3 Photographic Film Detectors	63
	4.4 Scintillator and Storage Phosphor Detectors	65
	4.5 Gas Detectors	70
	4.6 Solid-State Detectors	72
	4.7 Conclusion	74
	References	74
	Section B	78
	Neutron Radiography	79
	5.1 Introduction	79
	5.2 A History of Neutron Radiography	80
	5.3 Basic Principles	81
	5.3.1 Sources	81
	5.3.2 Moderation	82
	5.3.3 Collimation	82
	5.3.4 Detectors	83
	5.4 Image Analysis	84
	5.5 Direct Radiographic Method	85
	5.6 Indirect Radiographic Method	87
	5.7 Track-Etch Method	87
	5.8 Electronic Imaging Methods	88
	5.9 Nonfilm Imaging Methods	89
	5.10 Standards	90
	5.11 Conclusions	90
	References	91
	Neutron Tomography	93
	6.1 Introduction	94
	6.2 Geometric Considerations and Spatial Resolution	95
	6.3 Mathematical Foundations of (Neutron) Tomography	98
	6.3.1 Scanning	98
	6.3.2 Image Reconstruction	102
	6.4 Experimental Techniques and Results	106
	6.4.1 Energy-Dispersive and Bragg-Edge Radiography and Tomography	106
	6.4.2 Real-Time Radiography	109
	6.4.3 Phase Contrast, Refraction, and Small-Angle Tomography	109
	6.4.4 Refraction and Small-Angle Scattering Tomography	112
	6.5 Outlook	118
	References	118
	Mathematics of Neutron Imaging	121
	7.1 Introduction	121
	7.2 Neutron Image Formation and Resolution Analysis	124
	7.2.1 Resolution Modeling	124
	7.2.2 System Performance Measurement	126
	7.3 Volumetric Imaging	129
	7.3.1 Filtered Backprojection	130
	7.3.2 Iterative Reconstruction	133
	7.3.3 Computer Platforms	136
	7.4 Conclusions and Application	136
	References	138
	Neutron Phase Imaging	140
	8.1 Introduction	140
	8.2 Principles	141
	8.2.1 Phase Shift Versus Attenuation	141
	8.2.2 Phase Tomography	143
	8.2.2.1 Reconstruction from Phase Shift Projections	144
	8.2.2.2 Reconstruction from Phase Gradient Projections	145
	8.2.2.3 Reconstruction from Laplacian Phase Projections	146
	8.3 Experimental Methods	147
	8.3.1 Crystal Interferometer	147
	8.3.2 Refraction-Based Techniques	150
	8.3.2.1 Crystal Analyzer-Based Techniques	150
	8.3.2.2 Grating Interferometers	151
	8.3.3 Propagation-Based Techniques	156
	8.4 Coherence Requirements	158
	References	161
	Thermal Neutron Holography	163
	9.1 Introduction	163
	9.2 Atomic-Resolution Holography	165
	9.3 Neutrons	166
	9.4 Neutron Holography and K Lines	167
	9.5 Theory	168
	9.6 Reconstruction of the Diffraction Patterns from S Wave Scatterers	170
	9.7 Inside Source Neutron Holography	171
	9.8 Inside Detector Neutron Holography	174
	9.9 Holographic Reconstruction from Multiple Incoherent Scatterers	176
	9.10 Holography and Poorly Crystallized Proteins	176
	9.11 The Future	178
	9.12 Concluding Remarks	178
	References	178
	Novel Imaging Techniques: Polarized Neutrons and Neutron-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging	181
	10.1 Neutron Spin Polarized Imaging of Magnetic Field	181
	10.2 Spin Echo Imaging	185
	10.3 Prospects for Neutron-Probed Magnetic Resonance Imaging	191
	References	196
	Section C	198
	Neutron Imaging for the Hydrogen Economy	199
	11.1 Introduction