| Preface | 5 |
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| Contents | 6 |
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| to 1 Introduction | 8 |
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| to 2 Learning Principles | 11 |
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| 2.1 Multimodal Processing | 11 |
| 2.1.1 Education | 11 |
| 2.1.2 Cognitive Neuroscience | 12 |
| 2.1.3 Future Directions | 13 |
| 2.2 Learning from Multiple Representations | 13 |
| 2.2.1 Education | 13 |
| 2.2.2 Cognitive Neuroscience | 14 |
| 2.2.3 Future Directions | 15 |
| 2.3 Cognitive Load | 16 |
| 2.3.1 Education | 16 |
| 2.3.2 Cognitive Neuroscience | 16 |
| 2.3.3 Future Directions | 17 |
| 2.4 Insightful Problem Solving | 17 |
| 2.4.1 Education | 17 |
| 2.4.2 Cognitive Neuroscience | 18 |
| 2.4.3 Future Directions | 20 |
| 2.5 Implicit vs. Explicit Knowledge/Learning | 20 |
| 2.5.1 Education | 20 |
| 2.5.2 Cognitive Neuroscience | 21 |
| 2.5.3 Future Directions | 23 |
| 2.6 Metacognitive and Regulative Skills | 24 |
| 2.6.1 Education | 24 |
| 2.6.2 Cognitive Neuroscience | 25 |
| 2.6.3 Future Directions | 27 |
| 2.7 Social Cognition and Social Learning by Observation and Imitation | 27 |
| 2.7.1 Education | 27 |
| 2.7.2 Cognitive Neuroscience | 28 |
| 2.7.3 Future Directions | 29 |
| to 3 Affective Processes in Learning | 31 |
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| 3.1 Education | 31 |
| 3.2 Cognitive Neuroscience | 31 |
| 3.3 Future Directions | 33 |
| to 4 (Second) Language Learning and Literacy | 34 |
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| 4.1 Education | 34 |
| 4.1.1 Development of First Language Literacy | 34 |
| 4.1.2 Second Language Learning | 37 |
| 4.2 Cognitive Neuroscience | 37 |
| 4.2.1 Development of Literacy | 37 |
| 4.2.2 Second Language Learning | 39 |
| 4.3 Future Directions | 40 |
| to 5 Numeracy and Mathematics Learning | 41 |
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| 5.1 Education | 41 |
| 5.2 Cognitive Neuroscience | 42 |
| 5.3 Future Directions | 43 |
| to 6 Learning Problems | 44 |
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| 6.1 Dyslexia | 44 |
| 6.1.1 Education | 44 |
| 6.1.2 Cognitive Neuroscience | 46 |
| 6.1.3 Future Directions | 47 |
| 6.2 Dyscalculia | 48 |
| 6.2.1 Education | 49 |
| 6.2.2 Cognitive Neuroscience | 50 |
| 6.2.3 Future Directions | 50 |
| to 7 Issues from Neuroscience | 52 |
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| 7.1 Plasticity | 52 |
| 7.2 Maturation | 53 |
| to 8 Conclusion | 56 |
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| Appendix A List of Participants in the Amsterdam Workshop | 60 |
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| Appendix B Executive Summary | 62 |
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| Appendix C About the Authors | 64 |
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| References | 68 |
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| Index | 81 |