| Title Page | 2 |
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| Preface | 5 |
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| Contents | 7 |
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| Prologue on ideal gases and incompressible fluids | 17 |
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| Thermal and caloric equations of state | 17 |
| “mol” | 18 |
| On the history of the equations of state | 19 |
| An elementary kinetic view of the equations of state for ideal gases | interpretation of pressure and absolute temperature |
| Objectives of thermodynamics and its equations of balance | 23 |
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| Fields of mechanics and thermodynamics | 23 |
| {\it Mass density, velocity, and temperature} | 23 |
| {\it History of temperature} | 23 |
| Equations of balance | 25 |
| {\it Conservation laws of thermodynamics} | 25 |
| {\it Generic equations of balance for closed and open systems} | 25 |
| {\it Generic local equation of balance in regular points} | 26 |
| Balance of mass | 27 |
| {\it Integral and local balance equations of mass} | 27 |
| {\it Mass balance and nozzle flow} | 27 |
| Balance of momentum | 28 |
| {\it Integral and local balance equations of momentum} | 28 |
| {\it Pressure} | 30 |
| {\it Pressure in an incompressible fluid at rest} | 30 |
| {\it History of pressure and pressure units} | 31 |
| {\it Applications of the momentum balance} | 32 |
| Balance of energy | 42 |
| {\it Kinetic energy, potential energy, and four types of internal energy} | 42 |
| {\it Integral and local equations of balance of energy} | 45 |
| {\it Potential energy} | 47 |
| {\it Balance of internal energy} | 48 |
| {\it Short form of energy balance for closed systems} | 49 |
| {\it First Law for reversible processes. The basis of “pdV - thermodynamics”} | 50 |
| {\it Enthalpy and First Law for stationary flow processes} | 50 |
| {\it “Adiabatic equation of state” for an ideal gas – an integral of the energy balance} | 52 |
| {\it Applications of the energy balance} | 53 |
| History of the First Law | 69 |
| Summary of equations of balance | 71 |
| Constitutive equations | 72 |
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| On measuring constitutive functions | 72 |
| {\it The need for constitutive equations} | 72 |
| {\it Constitutive equations for viscous, heat-conducting fluids, vapors, and gas} | 72 |
| Determination of viscosity and thermal conductivity | 74 |
| {\it Shear flow between parallel plates. Newton’s law of friction} | 74 |
| {\it Heat conduction through a window-pane} | 76 |
| Measuring the state functions $p(v,T)$ and $u(v ,T)$ | 78 |
| {\it The need for measurements} | 78 |
| {\it Thermal equations of state} | 78 |
| {\it Caloric equation of state} | 79 |
| {\it Equations of state for air and superheated steam} | 81 |
| {\it Equations of state for liquid water} | 82 |
| State diagrams for fluids and vapors with a phase transition | 83 |
| {\it The phenomenon of a liquid-vapor phase transition} | 83 |
| {\it Melting and sublimation} | 85 |
| {\it Saturated vapor curve of water} | 85 |
| {\it On the anomaly of water} | 88 |
| {\it Wet region and ( p,v) -diagram of water} | 90 |
| {\it 3D phase diagram} | 90 |
| {\it Heat of evaporation and (h,T)–diagram of water} | 91 |
| {\it Applications of saturated steam} | 92 |
| {\it Van der Waals equation} | 94 |
| {\it On the history of liquefying gases and solidifying liquids} | 96 |
| Reversible processes and cycles. “$p$ d$V$ thermodynamics” for the calculation of thermodynamic engines | 98 |
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| Work and heat for reversible processes | 98 |
| Compressor and pneumatic machine. The hot air engine | 99 |
| {\it Work needed for the operation of a compressor} | 99 |
| {\it Two-stage compressor} | 101 |
| {\it Pneumatic machine} | 101 |
| {\it Hot air engine} | 102 |
| Work and heat for reversible processes in ideal gases. “Iso-processes” and adiabatic processes | 103 |
| Cycles | 104 |
| {\it Efficiency in the conversion of heat to work} | 104 |
| {\it Efficiencies of special cycles} | 105 |
| Internal combustion cycles | 111 |
| {\it Otto cycle} | 111 |
| {\it Diesel cycle} | 114 |
| {\it On the history of the internal combustion engine} | 116 |
| Gas turbine | 117 |
| {\it Brayton process} | 117 |
| {\it Jet propulsion process} | 118 |
| {\it Turbofan engine} | 119 |
| Entropy | 120 |
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| The Second Law of thermodynamics | 120 |
| {\it Formulation and exploitation} | 120 |
| {\it Summary} | 126 |
| Exploitation of the Second Law | 128 |
| {\it Integrability condition} | 128 |
| {\it Internal energy and entropy of a van der Waals gas and of an ideal gas} | 129 |
| {\it Alternatives of the Gibbs equation and its integrability conditions} | 130 |
| {\it Phase equilibrium. Clausius-Clapeyron equation} | 132 |
| {\it Phase equilibrium in a van der Waals gas} | 134 |
| {\it Temperature change during adiabatic throttling Example: Van der Waals gas} | 135 |
| {\it Available free energies} | 138 |
| {\it Stability conditions} | 140 |
| {\it Specific heat cp is singular at the critical point} | 141 |
| A layer of liquid heated from below – onset of convection | 142 |
| On the history of the Second Law | 146 |
| Entropy as $S=k lnW$ | 149 |
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| Molecular interpretation of entropy | 149 |
| Entropy of a gas and of a polymer molecule | 149 |
| Entropy as a measure of disorder | 153 |
| Maxwell distribution | 154 |
| Entropy of a rubber rod | 155 |
| Examples for entropy and Second Law. Gas and rubber | 157 |
| {\it Gibbs equation and integrability condition for liquids and solids} | 157 |
| {\it Examples for entropic elasticity} | 159 |
| {\it Real gases and crystallizing rubber} | 160 |
| {\it Free energy of gases and rubber. (p,V)- and(P, L)-curves.} | 162 |
| {\it Reversible and hysteretic phase transitions} | 164 |
| History of the molecular interpretation of entropy | 165 |
| Steam engines and refrigerators | 167 |
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| The history of the steam engine | 167 |
| Steam engines | 169 |
| {\it The (T,S)-diagram} | 169 |
| {\it Clausius-Rankine process. The essential role of enthalpy} | 169 |
| {\it Clausius-Rankine process in a (T, S)-diagram} | 171 |
| {\it The (h, s)-diagram} | 173 |
| {\it Steam flow rate and efficiency of a power station} | 175 |
| {\it Carnotization} | 176 |
