| Abuse of Dominant Position: New Interpretation, New Enforcement Mechanisms? | 6 |
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| Table of Contents | 9 |
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| List of Contributors | 10 |
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| The Reform of Article 82 EC in the Light of the Economic Approach | 11 |
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| 1 Introduction | 11 |
| 2 The Discussion Paper in context | 13 |
| 3 The objective of Article 82 EC | 19 |
| 4 The as efficient competitor -test | 27 |
| 5 Conclusion | 29 |
| Is there a Role for Market Definition and Dominance in an effects- based Approach? | 31 |
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| 1 Introduction | 31 |
| 2 Criticism of the current assessment of unilateral exclusionary practices under Article 82 of the EC Treaty | 33 |
| 3 Towards the adoption of the new effects-based approach | 37 |
| 4 Getting rid of dominance? The long path from dominance to substantial market power | 39 |
| 5 Assessment of substantial market power in the new effects-based approach: How current assessment methodology may change | 46 |
| 6 Implications of the shift towards substantial market power | 50 |
| 7 Substantial market power, consumer welfare and significant competitive harm: Some flaws in the new effects- based approach | 57 |
| 8 Conclusions | 63 |
| Abuse below the Threshold of Dominance? Market Power, Market Dominance, and Abuse of Economic Dependence | 65 |
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| 1 Introduction | 65 |
| 2 Market power | 67 |
| 3 Economic dependence | 71 |
| 4 Dominant position under Article 82 EC | 81 |
| 5 Abusive practices | 94 |
| 6 Concluding remarks | 98 |
| Efficiency Defence in Article 82 EC | 99 |
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| 1 Introduction | 99 |
| 2 Defining abusive conduct | 100 |
| 3 The proposed efficiency defence | 104 |
| 4 Shift in competition policy | 105 |
| 5 Limits to the competition policy reform | 109 |
| 6 Application of Article 81 (3) EC | 112 |
| 7 The Reaction of the Community Courts | 114 |
| 8 Passing-on requirement | 115 |
| 9 Elimination of competition and efficiency defence | 119 |
| 10 Comparison with merger control | 123 |
| 11 Conclusion | 124 |
| From Courage v Crehan to the White Paper The Changing Landscape of European Private Enforcement and the Possible Implications for Article 82 EC Litigation | 126 |
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| 1 Introduction | 126 |
| 2 The public value of private action | 126 |
| 3 The (under) development of private enforcement in Europe | 129 |
| 4 Obstacles, challenges and proposed reforms | 134 |
| 5 The interplay between private enforcement and Article 82 EC | 140 |
| 6 Concluding remarks | 144 |
| Private Enforcement Is Article 82 EC special? | 145 |
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| 1 Introduction | 145 |
| 2 Private enforcement | 146 |
| 3 Article 82 EC and action for damages | 152 |
| 4 Should the leniency programme be extended to Article 82 EC? | 165 |
| 5 Costs as a disincentive to claim or can they become an incentive? | 166 |
| 6 Modernisation of Article 82 EC and the consequences for private enforcement | 167 |
| 7 Conclusion | 170 |
| 8 Post-script | 171 |
| Private Incentive, Optimal Deterrence and Damage Claims for Abuses of Dominant Positions The Interaction between the Economic Review of the Prohibition of Abuses of Dominant Positions and Private Enforcement | 172 |
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| 1 Introduction | 172 |
| 2 The concepts of individual harm and harm to competition | 175 |
| 3 The concept of legal standing | 176 |
| 4 Incentives and the optimal level of enforcement | 177 |
| 5 Potential private enforcers of Article 82 EC | 178 |
| 6 Conclusions | 194 |
| The Role of Consumer Associations in the Enforcement of Article 82 EC | 197 |
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| 1 Introduction | 197 |
| 2 Representative action shall not remove individual right of action | 200 |
| 3 Association s standing | 203 |
| 4 Distribution of compensation | 205 |
| 5 Conclusion | 209 |