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Road Pricing, the Economy and the Environment

:	Chris Jensen-Butler, Birgitte Sloth, Morten Marott Larsen, Bjarne Madsen, Otto Anker Nielsen
:	C. Jensen-Butler, Brigitte Sloth, Morten M. Larsen, Bjarne Madsen, Otto A. Nielsen
:	Road Pricing, the Economy and the Environment
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783540771500
:	1
:	CHF 133.00
:

:	Volkswirtschaft
:	English

:	425
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Economic growth and globalisation create traffic growth, leading to congestion, which again increases travel times and costs. Road pricing is an instrument that may efficiently reduce the negative impacts. This volume is a collection of research papers on the use of road pricing. The focus is on passenger transport, and the papers cover a wide range of approaches, including theoretical modelling and empirical studies of road pricing experience from different cities.

	In Memory of Professor Chris Jensen-Butler	6
	Table of Contents	8
	1 Introduction	17
	2 Road Pricing in Europe A Review of Research and Practice	21
	2.1 Introduction	21
	2.2 The Current Situation	22
	2.3 Key Issues, Concepts and Approaches	26
	2.4 Road Pricing in Practice in Urban Transport	30
	2.5 Road Pricing in Practice in Interurban Transport	35
	2.6 Conclusions	38
	3 Road Pricing: Consequences for Traffic, Congestion and Location	44
	3.1 Introduction	44
	3.2 Application of a Zone-Based Road Pricing System to Stockholm	46
	3.3 Application of a Distance-Based Road Pricing System to Stockholm	52
	3.4 Application of Optimal Congestion Pricing to a Generic City	55
	3.5 Discussion and Conclusions	60
	4 Implementation Paths for Marginal Cost- Based Pricing in Urban Transport: Theoretical Considerations and Case Study Results	64
	4.1 Introduction	65
	4.2 Implementation Paths: Motivation and Theory	65
	4.3 Formulating Implementation Paths	71
	4.4 Description of the MC-ICAM Urban Case Studies	73
	4.5 Implementation Paths in the Case Studies	77
	4.6 Case Study Findings	83
	4.7 Concluding Remarks	90
	5 The London Congestion Charging Scheme: The Evidence	94
	5.1 Introduction	94
	5.2 Background to the LCCS	94
	5.3 The Working of the LCCS3	97
	5.4 Theory of Area Pricing	98
	5.5 Evidence on LCCS	99
	5.6 Interpretation of the Evidence	100
	5.7 Extension of LCCS Area	102
	5.8 Relevance to Other Urban Road Pricing Schemes	102
	5.9 Conclusions	103
	6 The AKTA Road Pricing Experiment in Copenhagen	107
	6.1 Introduction	108
	6.2 Design of the Experiment	108
	6.3 Practical Issues	111
	6.4 General Results	114
	6.5 Behavioural Changes and AKTA: The Main Results	119
	6.6 Discussion and Conclusions	121
	7 Experience with Measuring Equity and Efficiency: A Case from Oslo	124
	7.1 Introduction	124
	7.2 Equity Measures	126
	7.3 Evaluation of Alternative Packages of Instruments for Oslo	130
	7.4 A Sensitivity Analysis of MCF	135
	7.5 An Evaluation of the Equity Implications of an Optimal Package	136
	7.6 Some Conclusions	142
	8 Transport Costs in a Multiregional Equilibrium Job Search Model	145
	8.1 Introduction	145
	8.2 The Basic Model	148
	8.3 Simulations with the Fundamental Model	152
	8.4 Theoretical Extensions	153
	8.5 Conclusion	176
	9 Evaluation of the Introduction of Road Pricing Using a Computable General Equilibrium Model	179
	9.1 Introduction	179
	9.2 The Theoretical Model	180
	9.3 Application of the Theory of Public Economics to the Taxation of Transport and Investment in Transport Infrastructure	182
	9.4 The Parameterised Model	187
	9.5 The Specification of the Parameterised Model	190
	9.6 Presentation and Interpretation of Simulation Results	192
	9.7 Conclusion	200
	10 Efficiency and Equity Considerations in Road Pricing	204
	10.1 Introduction	204
	10.2 Aspects of Equity	206
	10.3 Indicators of Equity	208
	10.4 Equity, Efficiency and Modelling	212
	10.5 Optimal Road Pricing Subject to Equity Constraints	214
	10.6 Solving the Optimisation Problem	215
	10.7 Conclusions	215
	11 Modelling the Economy, Transport and Environment Triangle, with an Application to Dutch Maglev Projects	218
	11.1 Introduction	218
	11.2 The Different Nature of the Three Types of Interaction	219
	11.3 Modelling Environmental Impacts	221
	11.4 Modelling Transport-Economy Interactions	222
	11.5 An Application to Dutch Maglev Proposals	225
	11.6 Conclusion	234
	12 A Systems Approach to Modelling the Regional Economic Effects of Road Pricing	239
	12.1 Introduction	239
	12.2 A Systems Approach to Regional and Sub-Regional Economic Modelling	242
	12.3 The Linking Procedures	247
	12.4 LINE: the Full Model, a Graphical Presentation	252
	12.5 Road Pricing and Modelling its Impacts	257
	12.6 Results from the Danish Road Pricing Toll Study	257
	12.7 Limitations of the Model and Future Development Strategies	269
	12.8 Conclusion	270
	13 External Effects and Road Charging	276
	13.1 Introduction	276
	13.2 External Effects: Background	277
	13.3 Demand Effects from Road Charging	279
	13.4 Internalisation of External Effects Through Road Charging	281
	13.5 Summary and Conclusions	283
	14 Assessing the Impacts of Traffic Air Pollution on Human Exposure and Health	286
	14.1 Introduction	286
	14.2 Air Pollution in Urban Areas	287
	14.3 Air Pollution Exposure Assessment	289
	14.4 Direct Methods for Exposure Assessment	289
	14.5 Indirect Methods for Exposure Assessment