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Psychrophiles: From Biodiversity to Biotechnology From Biodiversity to Biotechnology

:	Rosa Margesin, Franz Schinner, Jean-Claude Marx, Charles Gerday
:	Rosa Margesin, Franz Schinner, Jean-Claude Marx, Charles Gerday
:	Psychrophiles: From Biodiversity to Biotechnology From Biodiversity to Biotechnology
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783540743354
:	1
:	CHF 132.90
:

:	Biochemie, Biophysik
:	English

:	462
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Cold adaptation includes a complex range of structural and functional adaptations at the level of all cellular constituents, and these adaptations render cold-adapted organisms particularly useful for biotechnological applications. This book presents the most recent knowledge of (i) boundary conditions for microbial life in the cold, (ii) microbial diversity in various cold ecosystems, (iii) molecular cold adaptation mechanisms and (iv) the resulting biotechnological perspectives.

	Preface	5
	Contents	7
	Contributors	10
	Boundary Conditions for Microbial Life at Low Temperatures	15
	The Climate of Snow and Ice as Boundary Condition for Microbial Life	16
	1.1 The source of energy: solar radiation	16
	1.2 Distribution of energy: the energy balance of snow and ice	18
	1.3 Air temperature: effects of altitude and latitude	19
	1.4 Atmospheric humidity and precipitation	21
	1.5 The cryosphere: a matrix for life	22
	1.6 Liquid water in the cryosphere	24
	1.7 Hot spots in the ice	26
	1.8 Conclusions	27
	References	27
	Limits for Microbial Life at Subzero Temperatures	29
	2.1 Introduction	29
	2.2 Physical chemical effects of low temperatures	30
	2.2.1 Liquid water	30
	2.2.2 Reaction rates	32
	2.2.3 Molecular stability	33
	2.3 Activity of microorganisms at subzero temperatures	34
	2.4 Conclusions	37
	References	38
	Microbial Diversity in Cold Ecosystems	41
	Bacteria in Snow and Glacier Ice	42
	3.1 Introduction	42
	3.2 Characteristics of snow and glacier ice as microbial habitats	43
	3.3 History of detection of microorganisms in glacier ice and snow	45
	3.4 Trapped and dormant or actively metabolizing?	45
	3.5 Methods for microbial analysis of snow and glacier ice 3.5.1 Sampling and decontamination methods	46
	3.5.2 Methods for enumeration and morphological characterization	46
	3.5.3 Culture independent methods	47
	3.5.4 Cultivation methods	48
	3.6 Diversity of bacteria in glacier ice	49
	3.6.1 Morphological diversity and size of glacier ice bacteria	49
	3.6.2 Bacterial diversity detected by culture independent methods	51
	3.6.3 Recovery and characteristics of bacterial isolates from glacier ice	51
	3.7 How different are bacteria in glacier ice and cryoconite holes?	53
	3.8 Diversity of bacteria in snow	54
	3.9 Novel bacterial isolates from glacier ice and snow	55
	3.10 Functional diversity and microbial activity in glacier ice and snow	56
	3.11 Conclusions	58
	References	58
	Bacteria in Subglacial Environments	62
	4.1 Introduction	62
	4.2 Liquid water in subglacial environments 4.2.1 Water and life	63
	4.2.2 Liquid water in Arctic and Alpine subglacial environments	64
	4.2.3 Discovery of subglacial water beneath Antarctica’s ice sheets	64
	4.2.4 Liquid water under the Greenland ice sheet	65
	4.3 Subglacial lakes 4.3.1 Antarctic subglacial lakes	65
	4.3.2 Subglacial Lake Vostok	66
	4.3.3 Sampling Antarctic subglacial lakes	67
	4.3.4 Subglacial caldera lakes	71
	4.4 Adaptations, bioenergetics, and cosmopolitan genera in subglacial environments 4.4.1 Molecular adaptations for survival in icy environments	72
	4.4.2 Resistance to high oxygen concentrations	73
	4.4.3 Survival under oligotrophic conditions	73
	4.4.4 Chemolithotrophy in subglacial environments	76
	4.4.5 Do subglacial environments harbor endemic microbial species?	76
	4.5 Conclusions	78
	References	79
	Bacteria in the Deep Sea: Psychropiezophiles	83
	5.1 Introduction	83
	5.2 The deep-sea psychropiezophiles	85
	5.3 Taxonomy of the psychropiezophiles	85
	5.3.1 The genus Shewanella	86
	5.3.2 The genus Photobacterium	87
	5.3.3 The genus Colwellia	87
	5.3.4 The genus Moritella	88
	5.3.5 The genus Psychromonas	88
	5.4 The fatty acid composition of psychropiezophiles	89
	5.5 Conclusions	90
	References	90
	Bacteria in Permafrost	93
	6.1 Introduction	93
	6.2 Soil cover	95
	6.3 Permafrost	99
	6.3.1 Bacterial biodiversity	99
	6.3.2 Cyanobacteria	100
	6.3.3 Anaerobic bacteria	103
	6.3.4 Resistance of permafrost bacteria to antibiotics and heavy metals	105
	6.3.5 Resistance of permafrost bacteria to radiation	106
	6.3.6 Resistance of permafrost bacteria to freezing- thawing stress	107
	6.4 Conclusions	109
	References	109
	Anaerobic Bacteria and Archaea in Cold Ecosystems	113
	7.1 Introduction	113
	7.2 Bacteria 7.2.1 The genus Clostridium	114
	7.2.2 Sulfate-reducing bacteria	116
	7.2.3 Sulfur- and iron-reducing bacteria	120
	7.2.4 Acetogenic bacteria	121
	7.2.5 Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria	122
	7.2.6 Miscellaneous	122
	7.3 Archaea	123
	7.4 Conclusions	124
	References	125
	Cyanobacteria in Cold Ecosystems	130
	8.1 Introduction	130
	8.2 Taxonomy and diversity	131
	8.3 General characteristics	132
	8.4 Antarctic habitats	133
	8.4.1 Ice-based habitats	133
	8.4.2 Soils and rock	134
	8.4.3 Ponds, lakes, rivers and streams	135
	8.4.4 Marine ecosystems	135
	8.5 Arctic habitats	135
	8.5.1 Ice-based habitats	136
	8.5.2 Lakes, streams and ponds	136
	8.5.3 Soils and rock	136
	8.5.4 Marine ecosystems	137
	8.6 Alpine habitats 8.6.1 Streams and lakes	137
	8.6.2 Rocks and soils	137
	8.7 Ecophysiology 8.7.1 Coping with the cold	138
	8.7.2 Osmotic stress	138
	8.7.3 High and low irradiance	138
	8.8 Biogeography	139
	8.9 Conclusions	140
	References	141
	Fungi in Cold Ecosystems	145
	9.1 Introduction	145
	9.2 Methods for recovering psychrotolerant and psychrophilic species	147
	9.3 Protection and survival of cold ecosystem fungi	148
	9.4 Different ecosystems 9.4.1 Fungi in soil and permafrost	148
	9.4.2 Fungi in caves	149
	9.4.3 Fungi on rocks	149
	9.4.4 Fungi on dung	149
	9.4.5 Fungi on plants, mosses and lichens	150
	9.4.6 Fungi on grass: snow moulds	150
	9.4.7 Fungi in glaciers, ice and freshwater	150
	9.4.8 Fungi in chilled and frozen foods	151
	9.5 Different fungal taxa from cold ecosystems 9.5.1 Fungal genera and cold ecosystems	151
	9.5.2 Yeasts	152