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Predation in Organisms A Distinct Phenomenon

:	Ashraf M. T. Elewa
:	Ashraf M.T. Elewa
:	Predation in Organisms A Distinct Phenomenon
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783540460466
:	1
:	CHF 132.50
:

:	Sonstiges
:	English

:	311
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Predation is considered one of the distinct phenomena related to the interrelationships between species on the Earth. In general, predation is widespread not only in wildlife but also in marine environments where big fishes eat small fishes and other organisms of the sea. This book considers predation in organisms and is aimed at the prevention of predation in wildlife and marine environments.

	Dedication	5
	Foreword	6
	References	7
	Table of Contents	8
	1 An introduction to predation in organisms	14
	References	18
	2 Predation due to changes in environment: Ostracod provinciality at the Paleocene- Eocene thermal maximum in North and West Africa and the Middle East	19
	2. 1 Abstract	19
	2. 2 Introduction	19
	2. 3 Methodology	20
	2. 4 Results	22
	2. 5 Paleoenvironments	28
	2. 6 Predation as a strong factor affecting ostracod abundances in the studied regions	32
	2. 7 Acknowledgement	33
	References	33
	3 Predation on Miocene ostracods of Wadi Um Ashtan, Mersa Matruh, Western Desert, Egypt	39
	3. 1 Abstract	39
	3. 2 Introduction	39
	3. 3 Predation and survival	40
	3. 4 Material for the present study	41
	3. 5 Echinoid drillholes	43
	3.6 Holes by marine fungi	44
	3. 7 Discussion	45
	3. 8 Acknowledgement	48
	References	48
	4 Ostracod carnivory through time	50
	4.1 Abstract	50
	4.2 Introduction	50
	4.3 Carnivory in modern Ostracods	51
	4.4 Carnivory in the fossil record	55
	4.5 Conclusions	64
	4.6 Acknowledgements	64
	References	64
	5 Trophic relationships in crustacean decapods of a river with a floodplain	69
	5.1 Abstract	69
	5.2 Introduction	70
	5.3 Feeding ecology	76
	5.4 How does Crustacea Decapoda obtain its food?	86
	References	89
	Appendix 1	95
	6 The role of predation in shaping biological communities, with particular emphasis to insects	97
	6.1 Abstract	97
	6.2 Predation and its types in insects	99
	6.3 Prey-predator interaction seen through models	100
	6.4 Predation in relation to competition, parasitism, cannibalism and size	105
	6.5 The control of prey population by predators	113
	6.6 The relation of predation to biodiversity	116
	6.8 Predator Confusion Hypothesis	124
	6.9 Search Image Behaviour	124
	6.10 Sensory Exploitation Hypothesis	124
	6.11 Predator Interference Hypothesis	125
	6.12 Pest Release Hypothesis	125
	6.13 Optimal foraging theory	125
	6.14 Concluding remarks	126
	References	126
	7 Biological control of mosquito populations: An applied aspect of pest control by means of natural enemies.	133
	7.1 Abstract	133
	7.2 Introduction	134
	7.3 The basic suppression agents of mosquitoes in natural and anthropogenic ecosystems	137
	7.4 The problem posed by synthetic chemical treatments and some toxins from biological preparations	143
	7.5 The chemical basis of predation on mosquitoes	147
	7.6 Towards an integrated system of mosquito control	149
	7.7 Acknowledgements	152
	References	153
	8 A case for cannibalism: Confamilial and conspecific predation by naticid gastropods, Cretaceous through Pleistocene of the United States Coastal Plain	160
	8.1 Abstract	160
	8.2 Introduction	161
	8.3 Materials and methods	163
	8.4 Results	166
	8.5 Discussion	170
	8.6 Conclusions	175
	8.7 Acknowledgements	176
	References	176
	9 On models for the dynamics of predator-prey interaction	180
	9.1 Abstract	180
	References	184
	10 Evolutionary consequences of predation: avoidance, escape, reproduction, and diversification	186
	10.1 Abstract	186
	10.2 Introduction	187
	10.3 Solving the problem of being eaten: avoidance and escape	189
	10.4 Predator avoidance: winning without a fight	191
	10.5 Predator escape: prey fight back	194
	10.6 Reproductive strategies: transcending predators through life history traits	201
	10.7 Predators spawn phenotypic diversity of prey: plasticity, divergence, and speciation	204
	10.8 Conclusions and future directions	214
	10.9 Acknowledgements	215
	References	215
	11 Predation impacts and management strategies for wildlife protection	230
	11.1 Abstract	230
	11.2 Introduction	230
	11.3 Predator-prey relationships	232
	11.4 Habitat v. predators	236
	11.5 Predation and management effects	236
	11.6 Factors affecting predation rates	245
	11.7 Specific strategies	251
	11.8 Conclusion	259
	11.9 Acknowledgement	261
	References	261
	12 Invasive Predators: a synthesis of the past, present, and future	273
	12.1 Abstract	273
	12.2 Introduction	274
	12.3 Species profiles	276
	12.3.1 Mammals	277
	12.3.2 Birds	283
	12.3.3 Reptiles	285
	12.3.4 Amphibians	287
	12.3.5 Fish	289
	12.4 Regulation of invasive species	290
	12.5 Priorities of invasive species	291
	References	293
	13 Predator-prey interaction of Brazilian Cretaceous toothed pterosaurs: a case example	302
	13.1 Abstract	302
	13.2 Introduction	302
	13.3 Pterosaurs as prey	303
	13.4 Pterosaurs as predator	304
	13.5 Fishing technique: the model	307
	13.6 Conclusions	312
	13.7 Acknowledgements	313
	References	314
	Index	316