| Contents | 6 |
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| PART I Fundamentals of Acute Ischemic Stroke | 12 |
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| 1 Ischemic Stroke: Basic Pathophysiology and Neuroprotective Strategies --- Aneesh B. Singhal, Eng H. Lo,Turgay Dalkara,Michael A. Moskowitz | 12 |
| 1.1 Introduction | 12 |
| 1.2 Mechanisms of Ischemic Cell Death | 12 |
| 1.3 Grey Matter Versus White Matter Ischemia | 19 |
| 1.4 The Neurovascular Unit | 19 |
| 1.5 Neuroprotection | 21 |
| 1.6 Stroke Neuroprotective Clinical Trials: Lessons from Past Failures | 21 |
| 1.7 Identifying the Ischemic Penumbra | 23 |
| 1.8 Combination Neuroprotective Therapy | 24 |
| 1.9 Ischemic Pre-conditioning | 24 |
| 1.10 Nonpharmaceutical Strategies for Neuroprotection | 25 |
| 1.11 Prophylactic and Long-term Neuroprotection | 27 |
| 1.12 Conclusion | 27 |
| References | 28 |
| 2 Causes of Ischemic Stroke --- W.J. Koroshetz, R.G.González | 38 |
| 2.1 Introduction | 38 |
| 2.2 Key Concept: Core and Penumbra | 39 |
| 2.3 Risk Factors | 41 |
| 2.4 Primary Lesions of the Cerebrovascular System | 42 |
| 2.5 Primary Cardiac Abnormalities | 44 |
| 2.6 Embolic Stroke | 46 |
| 2.7 Lacunar Strokes | 48 |
| 2.8 Other Causes of Stroke | 50 |
| 2.9 Conclusion | 51 |
| PART II Imaging of Acute Ischemic Stroke | 52 |
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| 3 Unenhanced Computed Tomography --- Erica C.S.Camargo,Guido González, R. Gilberto González,Michael H. Lev | 52 |
| 3.1 Introduction | 52 |
| 3.2 Technique | 53 |
| 3.3 Physical Basis of Imaging Findings | 56 |
| 3.4 Optimal Image Review | 57 |
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