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Deciphering Growth

:	Jean-Claude Carel, Paul A. Kelly, Yves Christen
:	J.-C. Carel, Paul A. Kelly
:	Deciphering Growth
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783540289029
:	1
:	CHF 135.20
:

:	Nichtklinische Fächer
:	English

:	155
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Growth is a complex process that is essential to life. Not only does size play an important role in the process of cellular proliferation, but body size is also a critical factor in determining which organisms live longer. Evolution has been characterised by a dramatic increase in an organism's body size, which is not only limited to the size of the brain.

	Preface	5
	Contents	7
	Contributors	9
	Evolutionary Trends in Body Size	14
	Summary	14
	Introduction	14
	Body size trends	17
	Identifying trends	18
	Body size and diversity	24
	Human impacts	27
	Conclusions	28
	Acknowledgements	29
	References	29
	Sexual Dimorphism in the Growth of Homo sapiens: Facts, Inferences and Speculation	32
	Summary	32
	Introduction	32
	Sexual dimorphism in primates	33
	Sexual dimorphism in H. sapiens	35
	Molecular and biochemical basis for dimorphic growth	36
	References	38
	Genetic Control of Size at Birth	40
	Summary	40
	Introduction	41
	Maternal uterine environment	42
	Maternal genes and size at birth	43
	Fetal genes and size at birth	45
	Conclusions	47
	References	49
	The GH/ IGF- 1 Axis: Insights from Animal Models	54
	Summary	54
	Introduction	54
	Insulin- like pathways control growth	56
	Somatotrope control of IGF and growth	57
	IGF- 1R mutations in mice	59
	Overview	62
	References	62
	Downstream Mechanisms of Growth Hormone Action	66
	Summary	66
	Introduction	66
	JAK2 is essential for initiating GHR signaling	68
	MAPK- ERK1/2 pathway in GHR signaling	68
	Role of PI3K-AKT pathway in GH action	69
	Critical role of STAT5b in mediating GH action	69
	Conclusions	72
	References	74
	Growth Hormone Receptor Signaling and Differential Actions in Target Tissues Compared to IGF- I	78
	Summary	78
	Introduction	79
	Receptors and Signaling Pathways	79
	JAK STAT Pathway	80
	MAP Kinase Pathway	80
	Other Pathways	81
	Bone Development and the Somatomedin Hypothesis Revisited	82
	Muscle Growth And Differentiation	86
	References	87
	IGF- I and Brain Growth: Multifarious Effects on Developing Neural Cells and Mechanisms of Action	90
	Summary	90
	Introduction	90
	IGF- I Transgenic and Gene- Targeted Mice	91
	Diverse functions of IGF- I on multiple neural cell types	92
	Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways for IGF- I Actions on Neural Cells	96
	The PI3- Kinase Pathway and IGF Actions in the Brain	99
	Conclusions	102
	References	102
	IGF- I Deficiency: Lessons from Human Mutations	108
	Summary	108
	Introduction	108
	IGF- I gene mutations	109
	Other mutations in the GH- IGF- I axis causing IGF- I deficiency and GH insensitivity	112
	Conclusions	115
	References	116
	Putting IGF- I Biology into a Clinical Perspective	120
	Introduction	120
	IGF Parameters for the Diagnosis of GH Deficiency	121
	Monitoring IGF- I levels on GH treatment	122
	Cross-sectional Survey of IGF Monitoring	126
	Conclusions	127
	References	131
	IGF Resistance: The Role of the Type 1 IGF Receptor	134
	Summary	134
	Introduction	135
	References	141
	The Importance of the National Cooperative Growth Study ( NCGS)	144
	Introduction	144
	History	144
	The NCGS Today	145
	NCGS Substudies	146
	NCGS Targeted Events	147
	Importance of the NCGS: Conclusions	149
	References	149
	Appendix 1	150
	Why we are Treating Children with Growth Hormone: Lessons from the French Registry	156
	Summary	156
	Introduction	156
	Conclusion	162
	Acknowledgments	162
	References	162
	Subject Index	166