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Charged Particle Traps Physics and Techniques of Charged Particle Field Confinement

:	F. G. Major, Viorica N. Gheorghe, Günther Werth
:	Charged Particle Traps Physics and Techniques of Charged Particle Field Confinement
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783540265764
:	1
:	CHF 274.30
:

:	Mechanik, Akustik
:	English

:	356
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Over the last quarter of this century, revolutionary advances have been made both in kind and in precision in the application of particle traps to the study of thephysics of charged particles, leading to intensi?ed interest in, and wide proliferation of, this topic. This book is intended as a timely addition to the literature, providing a systematic uni?ed treatment of the subject, from the point of view of the application of these devices to fundamental atomic and particle physics. Thetechniqueofusingelectromag etic?eldstocon?neandisolateat mic particles in vacuo, rather than by material walls of a container, was initially conceivedbyW.Paulintheformofa Dversionoftheoriginalrfquadru ole mass ?lter, for which he shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in physics [1], whereas H.G. Dehmelt who also shared the 1989 Nobel Prize [2] saw these devices (including the Penning trap) as a way of isolating electrons and ions, for the purposes of high resolution spectroscopy. These two broad areas of appli- tion have developed more or less independently, each attaining a remarkable degree of sophistication and generating widespread interest and experimental activity.

	Preface	6
	Contents	8
	Trap Operation Theory	13
	1 Introduction	14
	1.1 Historical Background	14
	1.2 Principles of Particle Confinement	21
	2 The Paul Trap	27
	2.1 Theory of the Ideal Paul Trap	27
	2.2 Motional Spectrum in Paul Trap	33
	2.3 Adiabatic Approximation	34
	2.4 Real Paul Traps	37
	2.5 Instabilities in an Imperfect Paul Trap	43
	2.6 The Role of Collisions in a Paul Trap	46
	2.7 Quantum Dynamics in Paul Traps	49
	3 The Penning Trap	60
	3.1 Theory of the Ideal Penning Trap	60
	3.2 Motional Spectrum in Penning Trap	65
	3.3 Real Penning Traps	66
	3.4 Shift of the Eigenfrequencies	68
	3.5 Instabilities of the Ion Motion	77
	3.6 Tuning the Trap	79
	3.7 Quantum Dynamics in Ideal Penning Trap	81
	3.8 Quantum Dynamics in Real Penning Traps	90
	4 Other Traps	95
	4.1 Combined Traps	95
	4.2 Cylindrical Traps	103
	4.3 Nested Traps	115
	4.4 Multipolar Traps	116
	4.5 Linear Traps	117
	4.6 Ring Traps	125
	4.7 Planar Paul Traps	126
	4.8 Electrostatic Traps	131
	4.9 Kingdon Trap	132
	Trap Techniques	135
	5 Loading of Traps	138
	5.1 Ion Creation Inside Trap	138
	5.2 Ion Injection from Outside the Trap	140
	5.3 Positron Loading	142
	6 Trapped Charged Particle Detection	146
	6.1 Destructive Detection	146
	6.2 Nondestructive Detection	148
	Nonclassical States of Trapped Ions	155
	7 Quantum States of Motion	157
	7.1 Fock States	157
	7.2 Oscillator Coherent States	158
	7.3 Squeezed States	163
	8 Coherent States for Dynamical Groups	165
	8.1 Trap Symmetries	165
	8.2 Quasienergy States for Combined Traps	166
	9 State Engineering and Reconstruction	173
	9.1 Trapped Ion-Laser Interaction	173
	9.2 State Creation	177
	9.3 State Reconstruction	187
	Cooling of Trapped Charged Particles	193
	10 Trapped Ion Temperature	196
	10.1 Measurement of Ion Temperature	197
	11 Radiative Cooling	200
	12 Buffer Gas Cooling	205
	12.1 Paul Trap	206
	12.2 Penning Trap	208
	13 Resistive Cooling	212
	13.1 Negative Feedback	216
	13.2 Stochastic Cooling	217
	14 Laser Cooling	221
	14.1 Physical Principles	221
	14.2 Doppler Cooling: Semi-classical Theory	223
	14.3 Resolved Sideband Cooling	226
	14.4 EIT Cooling	233
	14.5 Sisyphus Cooling	236
	14.6 Stimulated Raman Cooling	246
	14.7 Sympathetic Cooling	250
	15 Adiabatic Cooling	256
	Trapped Ions as Nonneutral Plasma	258
	16 Plasma Properties	260
	16.1 Coulomb Correlation Parameter	260
	16.2 Weakly Coupled Plasmas	260
	17 Plasma Oscillations	266
	17.1 Rotating Wall Technique	269
	18 Plasma Crystallization	272
	18.1 Phase Transitions	272
	18.2 Chaos and Order	275
	18.3 Crystalline Structures	277
	19 Sympathetic Crystallization	291
	A Mathieu Equations	294
	A.1 Parametric Oscillators	294
	B Orbits of Trapped Ions	297
	C Nonlinear Oscillator	303
	C.1 Multipole Expansions	303
	C.2 Normal Forms	304
	C.3 Nonlinear Resonances	306
	D Generating Functions for Quantum States	309
	D.1 Uncertainty Relations	309
	D.2 Generating Functions	310
	D.3 Displacement Operators	313
	D.4 Time Dependent Oscillators	314
	D.5 Coherent States for Symplectic Groups	317
	E Trap Design and Electronics	320
	F Charged Microparticle Trapping	324
	References	327
	Index	340