| Preface | 5 |
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| Content | 9 |
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| List of Contributors | 14 |
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| Cycles, Feedbacks, and Main Issues | 20 |
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| 1.0 Global Cycles: Overview and Introduction | 20 |
| 1.1 The Nature of Land-Biosphere-Atmosphere Feedbacks in the Hydrological Cycle | 27 |
| 1.2 Scale Issues | 40 |
| 1.3 Multiple Equilibria | 63 |
| References Chapter 1 | 75 |
| Systems Approach: the Nature of Coupled Models | 93 |
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| 2.0 Introduction | 93 |
| 2.1 Fluxes, Compartments and Ordering of Feedbacks | 94 |
| 2.2 Non-linearities | 115 |
| 2.3 Parameterisation of Complex Hydrological Systems | 141 |
| References Chapter 2 | 175 |
| Systematisation of the Interactions between Hydrological and related Cycles | 183 |
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| 3.0 Introduction | 183 |
| 3.1 Coupled Processes and Interaction Matrix | 185 |
| 3.2 Coupling Aspects of Heat and Mass Transfer | 193 |
| 3.3 Feedbacks at the Hydrometeorological Interface | 210 |
| References Chapter 3 | 227 |
| Case Studies | 233 |
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| 4.0 Introduction | 233 |
| 4.1 Groundwater Modelling in the Urban Area of Barcelona | 236 |
| 4.2 The Lake Dagow Coupled Model for Groundwater and Surface Water | 243 |
| 4.3 Modelling the Hydrology of the Nile Delta | 248 |
| 4.4 Modelling the Changes in Hydrological Cycle Processes for Small and Middle River Basins in Conditions of Permafrost under Climate Change | 252 |
| 4.5 Modelling Atmospheric and Hydrological Processes in the Boreal Region | 257 |
| 4.6 A Distributed Model of Runoff Generation in the Permafrost Regions | 264 |
| 4.7 Investigations on the Impact of Land-use Changes using an Integrated Hydrometeorological Model | 271 |
| 4.8 The Influence of Anthropogenic Landscape Changes on Weather in South Florida | 277 |
| 4.9 CLIMBER-2: An Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity | 282 |
| 4.10 Feedbacks and Coupling between Water, Carbon and Nutrient Cycling at the Hillslope Scale | 287 |
| 4.11 The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Experiment ( BOREAS) | 298 |
| 4.12 Integrated Modelling of Water Availability and Vulnerability of Ecosystems and Society in the Semi-arid Northeast Brazil | 305 |
| 4.13 Integrated Global-change Modelling with IMAGE-2 | 311 |
| 4.14 The Virtual Watershed Laboratory | 317 |
| References Chapter 4 | 323 |
| Summary and Outlook | 330 |
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| 5.1 When and Why is it Appropriate to Use Coupled Models? | 330 |
| 5.2 Progress in Coupled Models | 332 |
| 5.3 How much Coupling is Needed ? | 333 |
| 5.4 Emphasising the Vulnerability and Assessing the Risks of Coupled Systems | 334 |
| 5.5 Future Research | 335 |
| References Chapter 5 | 336 |
| Subject Index | 337 |
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