| Preface | 5 |
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| Contents | 7 |
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| Contributors | 11 |
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| Acronyms | 13 |
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| 1 Introduction | 15 |
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| 2 Magnetoelectronics | 18 |
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| 2.1 Background | 18 |
| 2.2 Commercialized Applications | 20 |
| 2.3 Developing Technology | 20 |
| 2.4 Future Opportunities | 27 |
| 2.5 Conclusion | 30 |
| References | 30 |
| 3 Electrical Spin Injection into Semiconductors | 32 |
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| 3.1 Introduction | 32 |
| 3.2 Device Concepts | 33 |
| 3.3 Spin Injection from Semimagnetic Semiconductors | 39 |
| 3.4 Spin Injection across an Air-Exposed Semiconductor Interface | 42 |
| 3.5 Role of Interface Structure in Spin Injection | 45 |
| 3.6 Ferromagnetic Metals as Spin Injecting Contacts | 51 |
| 3.7 Characteristics of the Fe/AlGaAs(001) Interface | 62 |
| 3.8 Summary | 66 |
| References | 68 |
| 4 Optical Studies of Electron Spin Transmission | 72 |
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| 4.1 Introduction to Spin Electronics | 72 |
| 4.2 Spin Filtering Experiments in Ferromagnet/ Semiconductor Hybrid Structures | 83 |
| 4.3 Spin Filtering in Ferromagnet/ Semiconductor Schottky Diodes | 88 |
| 4.4 Spin Filtering in Ferromagnet/ Barrier Layer/ Semiconductor Junctions | 93 |
| 4.5 Ballistic Spin Transport in Spin Valve Structures | 101 |
| 4.6 Summary | 109 |
| References | 110 |
| 5 Introduction to Micromagnetics | 114 |
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| 5.1 First Spin Around the Track | 114 |
| 5.2 One Atom of Iron | 115 |
| 5.3 Non-uniform Magnetization | 140 |
| References | 161 |
| 6 Spin Valve Giant Magnetoresistive Sensor Materials for Hard Disk Drives | 162 |
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| 6.1 Introduction | 162 |
| 6.2 The GMR Effect | 166 |
| 6.3 A Simple But Powerful Model | 167 |
| 6.4 Biasing and Device Physics | 171 |
| 6.5 Antiferromagnets in Spin Valves | 172 |
| 6.6 Menagerie of Spin Valve Structures | 174 |
| 6.7 Future Directions | 180 |
| Appendix: Semiclassical Theory of GMR | 183 |
| References | 187 |
| 7 Magnetic Switching in High-Density MRAM | 189 |
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| 7.1 Random Access Memories (RAMs) | 189 |
| 7.2 Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (MRAM) | 191 |
| 7.3 MRAM Cell Scaling | 201 |
| 7.4 Coherent Rotation of Single-Domain Elements | 202 |
| 7.5 Switching of Submicron MRAM Devices | 208 |
| 7.6 Micromagnetic Properties of Submicron MRAM Devices | 214 |
| 7.7 Issues Related to Magnetic Switching in Future High- Density MRAM | 222 |
| References | 227 |
| 8 Giant Magneto-resistive Random-Access Memories Based on Current- in- Plane Devices | 231 |
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| 8.1 Introduction | 231 |
| 8.2 Magnetic Pseudo-Spin-Valve Device Switching Characteristics, Modeling, and Distributions | 234 |
| 8.3 The 1R0T GMRAM Architecture | 255 |
| 8.4 Magnetic Spin-Valve Devices for GMRAMs and GMRAM Latch Architectures | 258 |
| 8.5 Nonvolatile Memory Comparisons and Potential Applications | 260 |
| 8.6 Conclusions | 262 |
| References | 263 |
| Subject Index | 265 |