| Preface | 5 |
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| Contents | 8 |
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| List of Previous Saas-Fee Advanced Courses | 11 |
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| Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy of Astrophysical Plasmas | 14 |
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| 1 Introduction | 14 |
| 2 Classical and Quantum Radiation Theory | 20 |
| 3 The Structure of Multi-Electron Atoms | 35 |
| 4 Electron-Ion Collisional Processes | 52 |
| 5 Types of Equilibria | 68 |
| 6 Discrete Line Diagnostics | 81 |
| 7 Concluding Remarks | 91 |
| References | 92 |
| Instruments for Nuclear Astrophysics | 94 |
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| 1 Introduction | 94 |
| 2 Interaction of High Energy Photons with Matter | 109 |
| 3 Detectors | 132 |
| 4 The Instruments for Nuclear Astronomy | 160 |
| Acknowledgments | 204 |
| References | 204 |
| Hard X-Ray and Gamma Ray Spectroscopy | 210 |
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| 1 Fundamentals of Compton Scattering | 211 |
| 2 Comptonization in Infinite Homogeneous Media | 223 |
| 3 Comptonization in Bounded Plasma Clouds | 245 |
| 4 Interaction of X-Rays with Partially Ionized Media | 260 |
| 5 6.4-keV Fluorescent Emission from Molecular Clouds in the Galactic Center | 275 |
| 6 X-Ray Emission from Supernova 1987A | 280 |
| 7 Accretion onto Black Holes and Neutron Stars | 283 |
| References | 289 |
| Index | 295 |
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