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Atmospheric Ammonia Detecting emission changes and environmental impacts. Results of an Expert Workshop under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution

:	Mark A. Sutton, Stefan Reis, Samantha M.H. Baker.
:	Mark Sutton, Stefan Reis, Samantha Baker
:	Atmospheric Ammonia Detecting emission changes and environmental impacts. Results of an Expert Workshop under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9781402091216
:	1
:	CHF 132.90
:

:	Natur und Gesellschaft: Allgemeines, Nachschlagewerke
:	English

:	464
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Anthropogenic emissions of ammonia cause a host of environmental impacts, including loss of biodiversity, soil acidification and formation of particulate matter in the atmosphere. Under the auspices of the UNECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution, around 80 international experts met to review the state of scientific knowledge. This book reports their analysis. It concludes that threshold levels for ammonia effects have been underestimated and sets new values, it assesses the independent evidence to verify reported reductions in regional ammonia emissions, and it reviews the uncertainties in modelling ammonia, both in 'hot spots' and at the regional scale.

Mark Sutton

Is a specialist in the behaviour of ammonia in the atmosphere, based at the NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh. He is the coordinator of the NitroEurope Integrated Project, chairman of the European Centre of the International Nitrogen Initiative and co-chair of the UNECE Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen.

Stefan Reis

Is an expert on emissions of atmospheric pollutants and integrated assessment modelling. Formerly of the Institute of Energy Economics and the Rational Use of Energy at the University of Stuttgart, Germany, he is now the Scientific Project Manager of the NitroEurope Integrated Project.

Samanth Baker

Is a scientific policy analyst at the UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), with extensive experience of transboundary air pollution issues. She and a member of the Natural Resource and Rural Affairs (NRRA) Science Division at Defra and co-chairs the Projections Panel of the UNECE Task Force on Emission Inventories and Projections.

	Preface	5
	Contents	7
	Contributors	12
	Acronyms and Abbreviations	21
	Introduction	22
	Part I Ammonia Critical Thresholds	33
	Reassessment of Critical Levels for Atmospheric Ammonia	34
	Potential for the Further Development and Application of Critical Levels to Assess the Environmental Impacts of Ammonia	60
	Long-Term Cumulative Exposure Exacerbates the Effects of Atmospheric Ammonia on an Ombrotrophic Bog: Implications for Critical Levels	68
	The Application of Transects to Assess the Effects of Ammonia on Woodland Groundflora	78
	Estimation of the Ammonia Critical Level for Epiphytic Lichens Based on Observations at Farm, Landscape and National Scales	89
	Mapping Ammonia Emissions and Concentrations for Switzerland Effects on Lichen Vegetation	105
	Over Which Averaging Period Is the Ammonia Critical Level Most Precautionary?	111
	Macrolichens on Twigs and Trunks as Indicators of Ammonia Concentrations Across the UK a Practical Method	118
	Assessment of Critical Levels of Atmospheric Ammonia for Lichen Diversity in Cork-Oak Woodland, Portugal	126
	Part II Temporal Trends in Atmospheric Ammonia	137
	Linking Ammonia Emission Trends to Measured Concentrations and Deposition of Reduced Nitrogen at Different Scales	138
	Long-Term Record (1981 2005) of Ammonia and Ammonium Concentrations at K-Puszta Hungary and the Effect of Sulphur Dioxide Emission Change on Measured and Modelled Concentrations	196
	Assessment of Ammonia and Ammonium Trends and Relationship to Critical Levels in the UK National Ammonia Monitoring Network (NAMN)	201
	Review of Published Studies Estimating the Abatement Efficacy of Reduced-Emission Slurry Spreading Techniques	209
	Part III Analysis of Ammonia Hotspots	217
	Ammonia Deposition Near Hot Spots: Processes, Models and Monitoring Methods	218
	Standardised Grasses as Biomonitors of Ammonia Pollution Around Agricultural Point Sources	281
	Soluble Ammonium in Plants as a Bioindicator for Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition: Refinement and Testing of a Practical Method	292
	Spatial Planning as a Complementary Tool to Abate the Effects of Atmospheric Ammonia Deposition at the Landscape Scale	301
	Part IV Regional Modelling of Atmospheric Ammonia	309
	Modelling of the Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Ammonia at a National and Regional Scale	310
	Application of a Lagrangian Model FRAME to Estimate Reduced Nitrogen Deposition and Ammonia Concentrations in Poland	368
	Application of the EMEP Unified Model to the UK with a Horizontal Resolution of 5 × 5 km2	376
	Part V Conclusions and Outlook	382
	Critical Levels for Ammonia	383
	Detecting Change in Atmospheric Ammonia Following Emission Changes	391
	Assessment Methods for Ammonia Hot-Spots	399
	Modelling the National and Regional Transport and Deposition of Ammonia	416
	Reliability of Ammonia Emission Estimates and Abatement Efficiencies	429
	Ammonia Policy Context and Future Challenges	438
	Synthesis and Summary for Policy Makers	449
	Author Index	459
	Subject Index	465