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The Conflict Over Environmental Regulation in the United States Origins, Outcomes, and Comparisons With the EU and Other Regions

:	Frank T. Manheim
:	The Conflict Over Environmental Regulation in the United States Origins, Outcomes, and Comparisons With the EU and Other Regions
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9780387758770
:	1
:	CHF 47.50
:

:	Volkswirtschaft
:	English

:	318
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:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

in Congress - are not considered, they may affect future energy programs just as they have past programs. Finally, potentially ruinously costly increases in energy imports force attention to the problem of how major public policy plans have been and are prepared in the United States. A witches' brew of some 500 energy bills proposed in the 110th C ongress in the House and Senate is now being stirred up. This 'inspirational' approach to public policymaking bears little resemblance to the thoughtful way critical policies have been developed in the EU. A change of the way major national planning is undertaken may do more than anything else to bring facts and reality into play, reduce hostilities, open up cooperation, new resources, technologies, creative energies, and productivity toward energy policy transitions. Chapter 6 Foreign Experience 6. 1 The European Union and Other Nations Take the Lead 'The EU has pioneered a new form of post-national government, in which nation-states pool some of their sovereignty for the common good. Many of its admirers see this as a useful potential model for Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, China-Taiwan, Latin America, parts of Africa and so on. The EU takes some issues, like human rights, global warming and the fostering of an international system of justice, with admirable seriousness . . . . . . Considering the kind of Europe it replaced, the EU has been an almost miraculous success (Walker, 2007).

Frank T. Manheim is an affiliate professor in the School of Public Policy, George Mason University. In course of more than 30 years as a federal government ocean and earth scientist he served on numerous interagency and scientific advisory panels including the National Academy of Science--National Research Council, National Science Foundation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Bureau of Land Management and Minerals Management Service, and industry associations. Manheim has cooperated with European, Russian, and Japanese scientists and agencies and is a recipient of the Swedish Academy of Science Pettersson Medal for Excellence in Ocean Research. He is an author of 190 published articles and has edited or co-edited five books.

	Prologue	6
	Acknowledgments	9
	Contents	10
	Part I The Story	16
	Our Current Conflict	17
	1.1 Politics in America	17
	1.2 Environmentalists Versus Industry: A Collision Between Two Post- World War II Movements	20
	1.3 Battles over Offshore Oil and ANWR	23
	1.4 Isolation of Information Systems Among Environmental Activists, Academic Analysts, and Producers	25
	1.4.1 Environmentalist Communication	25
	1.4.2 Industry Communication	26
	1.4.3 Industry Lobbying	27
	1.4.4 Academic Publication – The Separation of Theory from Practice	28
	1.4.5 Popular Media, Blogs, and Government Publications	28
	1.4.6 The Isolation of Information Systems Is Revealed in the US Global Climate Change Debate	29
	1.4.7 Militancy of US Environmental Organizations	30
	Tracing the Roots of the Conflict	34
	2.1 Engineers and Pre-World War II America	34
	2.2 1950s–1960s: Environmental and Other Stresses Begin to Erode the Boom	36
	2.3 A New Academic Paradigm	37
	2.3.1 The Vision and the Reality	39
	2.3.2 Diversion of US Scientific and Technical Talent?	43
	2.4 The Modern Offshore Oil Industry	44
	2.4.1 Regulatory Developments	46
	2.5 The Turbulent 1960s: Increasing Pollution, Environmental Problems, the Counterculture, and a Preoccupied Administration	47
	2.5.1 Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring and Rise of a New Environmental Movement	49
	2.6 Remedial Action Falters49	51
	2.6.1 The Stratton Commission Report and President Richard Nixon	52
	2.6.2 Contending Philosophies for Environmental Management	53
	2.7 The Collision: The Santa Barbara Oil Spill of 1969	55
	2.8 The 1970s and 1980s 2.8.1 The Environmental Revolution	57
	2.8.2 The Nixon–Ford Years: 1969–1977	59
	2.8.3 The Carter–Andrus Years: 1977–1981	59
	2.8.4 Reagan Administration: 1981–1989	60
	2.9 Back to the Present	65
	Why History Is Important for Environmental Decision Making Today and Tomorrow	67
	3.1 Communications and the Importance of Mediators 3.1.1 George Washington as a Mediator	68
	3.1.2 Abraham Lincoln as a Mediator	69
	3.1.3 Theodore Roosevelt as a Mediator	70
	3.2 Bad Governance Produces Bad Consequences for Society	70
	3.3 Environmental and Public Health Management 3.3.1 Pre- revolutionary War Period to the 1830s	72
	3.3.2 The Laissez-Faire Era	73
	3.4 People and Milestones in American Environmental History	74
	3.4.1 The Rise of Civil Engineers and Civil Engineering Management in America	79
	3.4.2 The Role of Federal Science Agencies Prior to 1969	84
	3.4.3 Science Agencies Before World War II: Professional, Apolitical, but Buffeted by Politics	87
	The Environmental Revolution of the 1970s and Its Outcomes	91
	4.1 Problems Prior to the 1970s	91
	4.1.1 The New Environmental Management System	92
	4.2 Results of the New System	98
	4.2.1 Positive Outcomes	98
	4.2.2 Negative Outcomes and Criticisms	99
	4.3 Underexamined Problems	100
	4.3.1 Is Congress an Appropriate Environmental Manager?	101
	4.3.2 Litigation and Litigiousness	105
	4.3.3 Economic Effects	108
	4.3.4 US Industrial and Manufacturing Losses	109
	4.3.5 The US Environmental Management System: Additional Implications and Comparisons	113
	4.3.6 Benefit/Cost Analysis	115
	4.3.7 “Sink or Swim” or “We’re All in This Together”	116
	4.4 Infrastructure	118
	Why Do Conflict and Polarization Matter?	122
	5.1 Changing Energy Policies	122
	5.2 Good Politics Versus “Inspirational” Politics 5.2.1 Developments in the EU	125
	5.2.2 US Assets	125
	5.2.3 US Problems	126
	5.2.4 Examples of Perspectives of Social Scientists	131
	5.3 Exploring Methods to Reduce CO	131
	Emissions	131
	and Their Effects	131
	5.3.1 Energy Conservation and Efficiency – Costs and Complexities	133
	5.3.2 Hydropower	135
	5.3.3 Wind Power	136
	5.3.4 Ocean Energy – A Modest but Important Symbolic Regulatory Breakthrough	141
	5.3.5 Biofuels and Biomass	144
	5.3.6 Other Renewable Energies and Carbon Capture and Storage	146
	5.4 Discussion	146
	5.4.1 Offshore Oil and Gas	146
	5.5 Summary	147
	Foreign Experience	149
	6.1 The European Union and Other Nations Take the Lead	149
	6.1.1 Lawmaking in EU Nations and in the EU	153
	6.2 Environmental Policies	155
	6.2.1 Germany and Austria	156
	6.2.2 Japan	158
	6.2.3 Canada	158
	6.3 Scandinavian Nations: Emergence of Post-environmental Societies	159
	6.3.1 Mining and Environmental Protection	162
	6.3.2 Where Are the Regulations?	163
	6.3.3 Norway’s Offshore Petroleum Industry: A Model for Advanced Technology and Environmental Policy	165
	6.4 Discussion	167
	6.4.1 The Small, Homogeneous Society Explanation	169
	6.5 Alternative Energy in Europe 6.5.1 Wave and Tide Energy	169
	6.5.2 Biofuels	171
	Reform Efforts and the Future: Where Do We Go from Here?	174
	7.1 Introduction	174
	7.2 Selected Critiques and Problems with the Old Regulatory System	178
	7.3 Reform Efforts – History 7.3.1 Minor Reforms	179
	7.3.2 Bubble Policy	179
	7.3.3 Reagan Counterrevolution	180
	7.3.4 G.H.W. Bush and the Clean Air Act Amendments	181
	7.3.5 Clinton–Gore Reinventing Government Program	181
	7.3.6 The Republican Contract with America (1994)	183
	7.3.7 Endangered Species Act and NEPA Reform	183
	7.4 Proposals for Reform	183