| CONTENTS | 6 |
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| Chapter 1 DATA IRREGULARITIES AND STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITIES IN DEA | 8 |
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| 1. INTRODUCTION | 8 |
| 2. DEA MODELS | 9 |
| 3. DATA AND STRUCTURE ISSUES | 14 |
| REFERENCES | 18 |
| Chapter 2 RANK ORDER DATA IN DEA | 19 |
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| 1. INTRODUCTION | 19 |
| 2. ORDINAL DATA IN R | 19 |
| 21 | 19 |
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| 3. MODELING LIKERT SCALE DATA: CONTINUOUS PROJECTION | 22 |
| 4. THE CONTINUOUS PROJECTION MODEL AND IDEA | 33 |
| 5. DISCRETE PROJECTION FOR LIKERT SCALE DATA: AN ADDITIVE MODEL | 35 |
| 6. CONCLUSIONS | 39 |
| REFERENCES | 39 |
| Chapter 3 INTERVAL AND ORDINAL DATA | 41 |
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| How Standard Linear DEA Model Treats Imprecise Data | 41 |
| 1. INTRODUCTION | 42 |
| 2. IMPRECISE DATA DATA DATA | 43 |
| 3. MULTIPLIER IDEA (MIDEA): STANDARD DEA MODEL APPROACH | 46 |
| 3.1 Converting the bounded data into a set of exact data | 48 |
| 3.2 Converting the weak ordinal data into a set of exact data | 49 |
| 3.3 Numerical Illustration | 50 |
| 3.4 Application | 52 |
| 3.5 Converting the strong ordinal data and ratio bounded data into a set of exact data | 56 |
| 4. TREATMENT OF WEIGHT RESTRICTIONS | 58 |
| 5. ENVELOPMENT IDEA (EIDEA) | 63 |
| 6. CONCLUSIONS | 65 |
| REFERENCES | 67 |
| Chapter 4 VARIABLES WITH NEGATIVE VALUES IN DEA | 69 |
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| 1. INTRODUCTION | 69 |
| 2. THE CLASSICAL APPROACH: THE TRANSLATION INVARIANT DEA MODELS | 71 |
| 3. INTERVAL SCALE VARIABLES WITH NEGATIVE DATA AS A RESULT OF THE SUBTRACTION OF TWO RATIO SCALE VARIABLES | 76 |
| 4. AVOIDING EFFICIENT UNITS WITH NEGATIVE OUTPUTS | 78 |
| 5. THE DIRECTIONAL DISTANCE APPROACH | 80 |
| 5.1 Efficiency measurement | 80 |
| 5.2 Target setting | 81 |
| 6. EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT AND TARGET SETTING BY MEANS OF WEIGHTED ADDITIVE MODELS | 82 |
| 6.1 Efficiency measurement | 82 |
| 6.2 Target setting | 83 |
| 7. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE | 85 |
| 8. CONCLUSIONS | 88 |
| REFERENCES | 88 |
| Chapter 5 NON- DISCRETIONARY INPUTS | 91 |
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| 1. INTRODUCTION | 91 |
| 2. PRODUCTION WITH NON-DISCRETIONARY INPUTS | 93 |
| 3. THE BANKER AND MOREY MODEL | 96 |
| 3.1 Input-Oriented Model | 96 |
| 3.2 Illustrative Example Using Simulated Data | 98 |
| 4. ALTERNATIVE DEA MODELS | 101 |
| 4.1 Two-Stage Model Using DEA and Regression | 101 |
| 4.2 Restricting Weights | 102 |
| 4.3 Simulation Analysis | 103 |
| 5. CONCLUSIONS | 105 |
| REFERENCES | 106 |
| Chapter 6 DEA WITH UNDESIRABLE FACTORS | 108 |
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| 1. INTRODUCTION | 108 |
| 2. WEAK AND STRONG DISPOSABILITY OF UNDESIRABLE OUTPUTS | 110 |
| 3. THE HYPERBOLIC OUTPUT EFFICIENCY MEASURE | 111 |
| 4. A LINEAR TRANSFORMATION FOR UNDESIRABLE FACTORS | 114 |
| 5. A DIRECTIONAL DISTANCE FUNCTION | 115 |
| 6. NON-DISCRETIONARY INPUTS AND UNDESIRABLE OUTPUTS IN DEA | 118 |
| 7. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION REMARKS | 122 |
| REFERENCES | 125 |
| Chapter 7 EUROPEAN NITRATE POLLUTION REGULATION AND FRENCH PIG FARMS PERFORMANCE | 127 |
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| 1. INTRODUCTION | 128 |
| 2. MODELLING TECHNOLOGIES WITH GOOD AND BAD OUTPUTS | 130 |
| 3. MODELLING TECHNOLOGIES WITH AN ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARD ON THE BY- OUTPUT | 134 |
| 4. DATA AND EMPIRICAL MODEL | 136 |
| 5. RESULTS | 138 |
| 6. CONCLUSION | 140 |
| REFERENCES | 141 |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 142 |
| Chapter 8 PCA- DEA | 143 |
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| Reducing the curse of dimensionality | 143 |
| 1. INTRODUCTION | 143 |
| 2. DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS AND PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS | 144 |
| 3. THE PCA-DEA CONSTRAINED MODEL FORMULATION | 146 |
| 3.1 PCA-DEA model | 146 |
| 3.2 PCA-DEA constrained model | 149 |
| 4. APPLICATION OF THE PCA-DEA MODELS | 151 |
| 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS | 154 |
| REFEREN
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