| Foreword | 6 |
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| Preface | 8 |
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| Contents | 19 |
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| Contributors | 21 |
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| Theoretical and Conceptual Considerations in the Cross- cultural Assessment of Psychological Trauma | 27 |
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| The Lens of Culture: Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives in the Assessment of Psychological Trauma and PTSD | 28 |
| INTRODUCTION | 28 |
| CASE HISTORY | 29 |
| THE MYTHOLOGY OF THE HERO, TRAUMATIC ENCOUNTERS, AND PERSONAL TRANSFORMATION | 31 |
| TRAUMA, CULTURE, AND POSTTRAUMATIC SYNDROMES: THE CORE QUESTIONS | 33 |
| CULTURE AND TREATMENT FOR POSTTRAUMATIC SYNDROMES | 42 |
| Native American | 43 |
| South African (Zulu) | 44 |
| Indian (Ayurveda) | 44 |
| Traditional Chinese Medicine | 45 |
| CULTURAL CONVERGENCE IN TRADITIONAL HEALING | 45 |
| THE TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC STRESS SYNDROMES IN CULTURAL CONTEXTS | 45 |
| POSTTRAUMATIC INTERVENTIONS: WHAT WORKS BEST FOR WHOM UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS? | 46 |
| TEN HYPOTHESES CONCERNING TRAUMA, CULTURE, AND POSTTRAUMATIC MENTAL HEALTH INTERVENTIONS | 47 |
| REFERENCES | 54 |
| Cultural-Ecological Perspectives on the Understanding and Assessment of Trauma | 56 |
| CULTURE AND TRAUMA: CONCEPTUAL AND PRACTICE ISSUES | 57 |
| CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES | 60 |
| LINKING THE CULTURAL WITH THE ECOLOGICAL IN HUMAN SECURITY | 63 |
| ASSESSMENT APPROACHES CONSISTENT WITH A CULTURALÒ ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE | 64 |
| IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY, RESEARCH, AND PRACTICE | 68 |
| REFERENCES | 70 |
| Ethnomedical Best Practices for International Psychosocial Efforts in Disaster and Trauma | 76 |
| OVERVIEW AND CONTEXTUAL PERSPECTIVE | 77 |
| CASE STUDY USING ETHNOMEDICAL CRITIQUE Ò HEALING RESPONSES TO THE TSUNAMI | 78 |
| EVIDENCE FOR SHORTFALLS IN ETHNOMEDICAL COMPETENCE Back Pressure from the Field and Afar | 80 |
| CULTURAL COMPETENCE AS NECESSARY BUT NOT SUFFICIENT FOR ETHNOMEDICAL COMPETENCE | 83 |
| SUBJECTING VICTIMS Ò VICTIMIZING SUBJECTS | 84 |
| ETHNOMEDICAL STRATEGY AND TACTICS Guidelines to Counteract Neocolonial Transference Dynamics | 85 |
| CONCLUSION | 87 |
| REFERENCES | 88 |
| Assessing Trauma Across Cultures from a Multigenerational Perspective | 90 |
| CONSPIRACY OF SILENCE | 90 |
| TRAUMA AND THE CONTINUITY OF SELF: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL, MULTIDISCIPLINARY INTEGRATIVE ( TCMI) FRAMEWORK | 92 |
| TRAUMA EXPOSURE AND ÏFIXITYÓ | 93 |
| THE INTERGENERATIONAL CONTEXT | 94 |
| UTILITY OF THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL INTEGRATIVE ( TCMI) FRAMEWORK | 95 |
| RESILIENCE AND TRAUMA ASSESSMENT AMONG GENERATIONS | 99 |
| MECHANISMS OF THE TRANSMISSION OF TRAUMA | 100 |
| THE IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE AS TRANSMITTER, BUFFER, AND HEALER | 103 |
| SOME RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE | 104 |
| ON JUSTICE | 106 |
| REFERENCES | 108 |
| Refugee Assessment Practices and Cultural Competency Training | 115 |
| INTRODUCTION | 115 |
| 'WELCOME' General Issues | 116 |
| ASSESSMENT PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES | 122 |
| MULTICULTURAL ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES AND INSTRUMENT EXAMPLES | 123 |
| TRAINING FOR REFUGEE ASSESSMENT | 129 |
| PERORATION | 131 |
| REFERENCES | 132 |
| Wrestling with the Ghosts from the Past in Exile: Assessing Trauma in Asylum Seekers | 137 |
| INTRODUCTION | 137 |
| TRAUMA DOES NOT HAPPEN IN A VACUUM, NEITHER DOES THE ASSESSMENT | 138 |
| OBSTACLES IN COMMUNICATION BETWEEN A HEALTH PROFESSIONAL AND AN ASYLUM SEEKER | 140 |
| HOW TO CREATE SAFETY AS A PREREQUISITE FOR ASSESSMENT | 141 |
| EXPLANATORY MODELS AND CULTURAL RELATIVITY OF NOTIONS AND CONCEPTS | 144 |
| ACCURACY OF THE TRAUMA STORY: IS IT IMPORTANT AND HOW TO CHECK IT? | 147 |
| ADVOCACY Ò SOME ETHICAL DILEMMAS | 149 |
| USING INTERPRETERS IN ASSESSMENT OF TRAUMA | 150 |
| SOME TECHNICAL ISSUES IN ASSESSMENT OF TRAUMA | 151 |
| REFERENCE | 153 |
| Assessment Methods | 156 |
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| Assessment of PTSD and Psychiatric Comorbidity in Contemporary Chinese Societies | 157 |
| TRADITIONAL CHINESE HEALTH BELIEFS AND COPING ORIENTATIONS | 158 |
| CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS OF MENTAL DISORDERS AND PTSD | 159 |
| ASSESSMENT OF PTSD AND PSYCHIATRIC COMORBIDITY | 161 |
| Assessment of Trauma and Life Event | 161 |
| Diagnostic Interviews for Psychiatric Disorders and PTSD | 162 |
| Screening and Assessment Instruments for PTSD Symptoms | 163 |
| Assessment Instruments for Psychiatric Comorbidity | 166 |
| NEURO-IMMUNO-BIOLOGY OF PTSD AND HUMAN NEUROIMAGING RESEARCH | 168 |
| Animal Studies | 168 |
| Neuroimmunological Studies with Psychiatric Patients | 169 |
| Human Neuroimaging Studies | 170 |
| PREVALENCE, COMORBIDITY, AND PREDICTORS OF PTSD | 171 |
| CHALLENGES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 182 |
| REFERENCES | 184 |
| APPENDIX 1 | 190 |
| Culture and the Assessment of Trauma in Youths | 191 |
| ASSESSING CULTURALLY DIVERSE GROUPS | 191 |
| ETHNICITY: MIXED FINDINGS IN US SAMPLES | 193 |
| Confounding Variables | 193 |
| Additional Stressors | 194 |
| Reporting Patterns | 194 |
| Birth Cohorts | 195 |
| NATIONAL, REGIONAL, AND EXPERI
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