| Preface | 5 |
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| Acknowledgments | 7 |
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| Contents | 9 |
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| 10. Planetary Atmospheres | 16 |
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| 10.1 Atmospheric Constituents | 16 |
| 10.2 Atmospheric Structure | 19 |
| 10.3 Circulation in the Atmosphere | 26 |
| 10.4 Atmospheric E.ects on the Heat Budget | 45 |
| 10.5 Planetary Circulation E.ects | 53 |
| References | 69 |
| Challenges | 70 |
| 11. Planetary Ionospheres and Magnetospheres | 71 |
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| 11.1 Earth: Ionospheric Layers | 71 |
| 11.2 Atmospheric and Ionospheric Chemistry on Mars and Venus | 78 |
| 11.3 Solar Wind | 83 |
| 11.4 Maxwell s Equations and the Plasma Frequency | 84 |
| 11.5 The Earth s Magnetosphere | 89 |
| 11.6 Electric Currents in the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere | 104 |
| 11.7 Magnetospheres of Mercury, Venus, and Mars | 121 |
| References | 129 |
| Challenges | 130 |
| 12. The Giant Planets | 133 |
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| 12.1 Jupiter | 133 |
| 12.2 Saturn | 142 |
| 12.3 Uranus | 145 |
| 12.4 Neptune | 147 |
| 12.5 Internal Pressures | 150 |
| 12.6 Excess Radiation | 151 |
| 12.7 Ionospheres of the Giant Planets | 153 |
| 12.8 The Jovian Magnetosphere | 154 |
| References | 162 |
| Challenges | 164 |
| 13. Satellite and Ring Systems | 165 |
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| 13.1 Satellites | 165 |
| 13.2 Origins of Ring systems | 203 |
| 13.3 Ring Structures | 206 |
| 13.4 Orbital Stability of the Moons and the Case of Pluto | 217 |
| 13.5 Origins of the Moons | 221 |
| References | 221 |
| Challenges | 224 |
| 14. Comets and Meteors | 226 |
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| 14.1 Comets in History | 226 |
| 14.2 Comet Designations | 231 |
| 14.3 Cometary Orbits | 233 |
| 14.4 Typical and Historically Important Comets | 238 |
| 14.5 Cometary Structure | 242 |
| 14.6 Cometary Composition | 244 |
| 14.7 Origins of Comets | 250 |
| 14.8 Cometary Demise | 253 |
| 14.9 Meteor Showers | 255 |
| 14.10 Meteors | 256 |
| 14.11 Micrometeorites | 262 |
| 14.12 Dust Destinies | 264 |
| References | 266 |
| Challenges | 269 |
| 15. Meteorites, Asteroids and the Age and Origin of the Solar System | 270 |
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| 15.1 Stones from Heaven | 270 |
| 15.2 Undi.erentiated Meteorites: the Chondrites | 278 |
| 15.3 DSR Meteorites | 286 |
| 15.4 Iron Meteorites | 290 |
| 15.5 Ages and Origins of Meteorites | 292 |
| 15.6 Other Sources of Evidence for Meteoritic Origins | 297 |
| 15.7 Parent Bodies and the Asteroids | 299 |
| 15.8 Implications for the Origin of the Solar System | 315 |
| 15.9 The Solar Nebula | 316 |
| 15.10 The Proto-Planetary Disk | 318 |
| References | 320 |
| Challenges | 323 |
| 16. Extra-Solar Planetary Systems | 325 |
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| 16.1 Historical Perspective | 325 |
| 16.2 Methods to Find Small -Mass Companions | 350 |
| 16.3 De.nitions of Planets and Brown Dwarfs | 365 |
| 16.4 Extra-Solar Planets Detected or Strongly Suspected | 368 |
| 16.5 Origins of Brown Dwarfs and Planets | 379 |
| References | 383 |
| Challenges | 396 |
| Index | 398 |