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Adrenal Imaging

:	Michael A. Blake, Giles W. L. Boland
:	Michael A. Blake, Giles Boland
:	Adrenal Imaging
:	Humana Press
:	9781597455602
:	1
:	CHF 189.30
:

:	Klinische Fächer
:	English

:	224
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

Imaging of the adrenal gland has made tremendous progress in the last decade as new technologies continue to evolve. Adrenal Imaging highlights the pertinent clinical and pathological information that underpins the accurate interpretation and use of adrenal imaging. Written by a prestigious group of international contributors, individual chapters in Adrenal Imaging serve as a relevant and up-to-date reference of adrenal imaging findings, algorithms and techniques in CT, MR nuclear medicine, intervention and trauma. Summary sections at the end of each chapter illuminate key teaching points to enhance retention.

	Preface	6
	Contents	8
	Contributors	10
	Adrenal Embryology and Pathology	12
	Introduction	12
	Embryology and Developmental Disorders of the Adrenal Glands	12
	Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands	14
	Hyperplastic Disorders	16
	Cortical Hyperplasia	16
	Pituitary/Hypothalamic-based Hyperplasia (Cushing’s Disease)	17
	Cortical Hyperplasia Associated with Ectopic Production of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone or Corticotropin-releasing Hormone	17
	Cortical Hyperplasia Associated with Hyperaldosteronism	18
	Macronodular Hyperplasia (Massive Macronodular Adrenal Cortical Disease)	18
	Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease-Microadenomatous Hyperplasia of the Adrenal	18
	Other Types of Adrenal Hyperplasia	19
	Adrenal Neoplasms	19
	Cortical Adenomas	20
	Nonfunctional Cortical Adenomas and Cortical Nodules	20
	Cushing’s Syndrome	20
	Conn’s Syndrome	21
	Adrenogenital Syndromes (Sex Steroid Overproduction)	22
	Oncocytic Adenoma (Oncocytoma)	22
	Cortical Carcinoma	23
	Neuroblastic Tumors	26
	Pheochromocytoma	30
	Other Adrenal Mass Lesions	34
	Metastatic Malignancies and Malignant Lymphoma	34
	Cysts and Pseudocysts	35
	Myelolipoma	36
	Connective Tissue Tumors	37
	Other Tumors	37
	Needle Biopsy of Adrenal Masses	37
	Metabolic Disorders	39
	Storage Diseases	39
	Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia	39
	Hypofunctional States	40
	Primary Hypofunction	40
	Autoimmune Adrenalitis	40
	Infectious Disorders	40
	Amyloidosis	41
	Adrenal Hemorrhage	41
	Secondary Hypofunction	41
	References	41
	Adrenocortical Dysfunction	45
	Normal Physiology and Regulation of Adrenocortical Function	46
	Biosynthesis of Adrenal Steroids	46
	Steroid Transport	47
	Steroid Metabolism and Excretion	47
	Glucocorticoids	47
	Mineralocorticoids	47
	Adrenal Androgen	47
	Regulation of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis	47
	Factors Controlling the Release of ACTH	47
	Physiologic Actions of Glucocorticoids (GC)	48
	Molecular Mechanisms of Cortisol Action	49
	Regulation of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Axis	49
	Physiology of Renin-Angiotensin	49
	Regulation of Renin Secretion	49
	Physiological Actions of Aldosterone	50
	Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion	51
	Adrenal Androgen Physiology	51
	Laboratory Evaluation of Adrenocortical Function	51
	Cushing’s Syndrome	51
	ACTH-Dependent Causes	51
	Cushing’s Disease	51
	Ectopic ACTH Syndrome	52
	Other Causes	53
	ACTH-Independent Causes	53
	Other Etiologies	53
	Clinical Features of Cushing’s Syndrome	54
	Diagnosis	54
	Investigations to Determine the Etiology of Cushing’s Syndrome	54
	Radiological Evaluation of Cushing’s Syndrome	55
	Differential Diagnosis	55
	Pseudo-Cushing’s Syndrome	55
	Management	55
	ACTH Dependent Causes	55
	Ectopic ACTH Syndrome	55
	Adrenal Etiologies	56
	Medical Therapies for Cushing’s Syndrome	56
	Mineralocorticoid Excess	57
	Hyperaldosteronism	57
	Primary Hyperaldosteronism	57
	Etiology	57
	Clinical Features	58
	Aldosterone and Cardiovascular Damage	58
	Diagnosis	58
	Differential Diagnosis	59
	Management	59
	Glucocorticoid-Remediable Aldosteronism	59
	Secondary Hyperaldosteronism	60
	Other Causes of Increased Mineralocorticoid Action	60
	Hypoaldosteronism with Low Plasma Renin Activity	60
	Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess	60
	Liddle’s Syndrome	60
	Hyperaldosteronism with High Plasma Renin Activity	60
	Bartter’s Syndrome	60
	Gitelman’s Syndrome	60
	Primary Adrenal Insufficiency