| PREFACE | 8 |
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| CONTENTS | 9 |
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| INTRODUCTION | 13 |
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| 1 Poisoners Throughout History | 16 |
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| 1.1. POISONS IN ANCIENT TIMES | 16 |
| 1.2. POISONERS IN THE MODERN ERA | 23 |
| 1.3. CONCLUSION | 40 |
| 1.4. REFERENCES | 41 |
| 1.5. SUGGESTED READING | 42 |
| 2 Types of Poisons | 43 |
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| 2.1. DEFINITIONS | 43 |
| 2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF “ IDEAL” POISONS | 45 |
| 2.3. CONTRASTS BETWEEN POISONS AND MORE TRADITIONAL WEAPONS | 47 |
| 2.4. HOW DO POISONS KILL? | 49 |
| 2.6. REFERENCES | 59 |
| 2.7. SUGGESTED READING | 60 |
| 3 Poisoners | 61 |
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| 3.1. TYPES OF POISONERS | 61 |
| 3.2. MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT POISONERS | 64 |
| 3.3. POISONER SCHEMATIC | 64 |
| 3.4. POISONER’S THOUGHT PROCESS | 66 |
| 3.5. “ PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE” OF POISONERS | 67 |
| 3.6. PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF POISONERS | 68 |
| 3.7. THE TOXICOMANIAC | 68 |
| 3.8. THE MEDICAL MURDERER | 68 |
| 3.9. THE JUVENILE TAMPERER As POISONER | 69 |
| 3.10. THE TERRORIST POISONER | 70 |
| 3.11. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF HOMICIDAL POISONINGS | 70 |
| 3.12. REFERENCES | 75 |
| 3.13. SUGGESTED READING | 76 |
| 4 Victims | 77 |
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| 4.1. WHO GETS POISONED? | 77 |
| 4.2. INVESTIGATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 79 |
| 4.3. DISTINCTIVE PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS | 79 |
| 4.4. CLASSIC SYMPTOMS OF POISONING | 79 |
| 4.5. REFERENCES | 81 |
| 4.6. SUGGESTED READING | 81 |
| 5 Crime Scene Investigation | 82 |
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| 5.1. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE | 84 |
| 5.2. INVESTIGATIVE CONSIDERATIONS | 84 |
| 5.3. SEARCH WARRANTS | 85 |
| 5.4. POISONING DEATHS COMPARED WITH OTHER TYPES OF VIOLENT DEATHS | 85 |
| 5.5. INVESTIGATING A CRIMINAL POISONING | 86 |
| 5.6. PHYSICAL EVIDENCE | 87 |
| 5.7. HOW DID THE POISON GET IN THE PATIENT? | 92 |
| 5.8. REFERENCES | 93 |
| 5.9. SUGGESTED READING | 94 |
| 6 The Forensic Autopsy | 95 |
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| 6.1. THE AUTOPSY | 95 |
| 6.2. POSTMORTEM REDISTRIBUTION —“ NECRO- KINETICS” | 95 |
| 6.3. ANALYTICAL GUIDELINES | 97 |
| 6.4. REFERENCES | 98 |
| 6.5. SUGGESTED READING | 98 |
| 7 Proving Poisoning | 99 |
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| 7.1. KEY ELEMENTS TO BE PROVEN | 100 |
| 7.2. STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF POISONINGS IN THE UNITED STATES | 101 |
| 7.3. REFERENCES | 102 |
| 7.4. SUGGESTED READING | 102 |
| 8 Poisoners in Court | 103 |
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| 8.1. BATTERY BY POISON | 103 |
| 8.2. STANDARD DEFENSE ARGUMENTS | 104 |
| 8.3. PROBLEMS IN PROVING INTENTIONAL POISONING | 106 |
| 8.4. REFERENCE | 107 |
| 8.5. SUGGESTED READING | 107 |
| 9 Poisoning in Fiction | 108 |
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| 9.1. POISONS THAT HAVE BEEN USED IN BOOKS AND FILMS | 108 |
| 9.2. SUGGESTED READING | 111 |
| 10 Conclusion | 113 |
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| Appendix: Some Common Homicidal Poisons | 120 |
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| ANTIFREEZE ( METHANOL [ CH3- OH], | 120 |
| ETHYLENE GLYCOL [ HO- CH2- CH2- OH]) | 120 |
| ARSENIC | 123 |
| BOTULINUS | 125 |
| CYANIDE | 127 |
| SODIUM FLUOROACETATE | 129 |
| STRYCHNINE | 131 |
| THALLIUM | 133 |
| REFERENCES | 135 |
| SUGGESTED READING | 135 |
| Bibliographies | 136 |
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| ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY | 136 |
| POISONING | 138 |
| FICTION | 138 |
| FORENSIC POISONING | 140 |
| POISONERS THROUGHOUT HISTORY | 154 |
| Index | 177 |