ebook ebooks e-book e-books downloaden bei MyEbooks.ch downloaden

The Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation An Introduction

:	Hendrik M. van Aken
:	The Oceanic Thermohaline Circulation An Introduction
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9780387480398
:	1
:	CHF 139.30
:

:	Geografie
:	English

:	326
:	Wasserzeichen
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

This book presents a global hydrographic description of the thermohaline circulation, an introduction to the theoretical aspects of this phenomenon, and observational evidence for the theory. The hydrographic description and the observational evidence are based on data sources available via internet, mainly from the World Oceanographic Experiment (WOCE). The book also offers an introduction to hydrographic analysis and interpretation.

Dr. Hendrik van Aken has been an observational oceanographer for over 25 years. He mainly deals with regional oceanography. He headed the Dutch contribution ot the WOCE Hydrographic Program (WHP), and is presently active in CLIVAR projects. Dr. Van Aken has done extensive research in the fields of climate hydrographic variability and aspects of the global thermohaline circulation.

	Preface	7
	Contents	10
	List of Abbreviations	13
	1. Introduction	16
	1.1. Climate and climate variations	16
	1.2. The ocean and climate	18
	1.3. What is the THC?	21
	1.4. Some historical notes	24
	1.5. The following chapters	28
	2. The ocean basins	30
	2.1. The bottom topography of the oceans	30
	2.2. Basins and ridges	31
	3. Pressure, temperature, salinity, and some thermohaline dynamics	35
	3.1. Pressure	35
	3.2. Temperature	37
	3.3. Salinity	38
	3.4. Density	40
	3.5. Adiabatic compression, potential temperature, and potential density	43
	3.6. Freezing point and specific heat	45
	3.7. Pressure gradient forces	47
	3.8. Geostrophic and near-geostrophic flow	49
	3.9. Friction and transport	52
	3.10. Vertical motion and mass conservation	54
	4. Water mass and tracer analysis of the deep flow in the Atlantic Ocean	59
	4.1. Meridional sections of temperature, salinity and density	59
	4.2. Deriving the deep circulation from tracer distributions	63
	4.3. Wüst's core method	65
	4.4. Water mass, water type, and the temperature	68
	4.5. Quantitative water mass analysis	72
	4.6. The use of biogeochemical tracers	75
	4.7. Biogeochemical tracers in the Atlantic Ocean	80
	4.8. A natural radioactive tracer: radiocarbon	83
	4.9. Halocarbons as tracers	86
	4.10. Zonal hydrographic sections in the Atlantic Ocean	89
	5. The deep flow in the Southern, Indian, and Pacific oceans	93
	5.1. Hydrography of the Southern Ocean	93
	5.2. The deep Indian Ocean	101
	5.3. The hydrography of the deep Pacific Ocean	107
	5.4. Deep upwelling	115
	6. The upper branch of the THC	117
	6.1. Interocean exchange	117
	6.2. The Bering Strait through-flow	118
	6.3. The Indonesian through-flow	120
	6.4. The cold water route	126
	6.5. Return flow into the Arctic seas	132
	7. Formation and descent of water masses	135
	7.1. Water mass formation	135
	7.2. The Barents Sea	136
	7.3. A scheme for deep convection	139
	7.4. Deep convection in the Greenland Sea	141
	7.5. Norwegian Sea Deep Water	145
	7.6. Exchange between the Nordic seas and the North Atlantic Ocean	146
	7.7. Convection in the Labrador Sea	152
	7.8. Bottom water formation in the Southern Ocean	156
	8. Dynamics of the THC	166
	8.1. Meridional overturning circulation	166
	8.2. Upwelling and divergence of the abyssal circulation	174
	8.3. Geostrophic flow in the abyssal ocean	176
	8.4. Deep boundary currents	179
	8.5. Topographic influence on the abyssal circulation	183
	8.6. Observational evidence for the abyssal circulation scheme	185
	8.7. Wind-driven deep upwelling in the Southern Ocean	196
	9. Deep upwelling and mixing	199
	9.1. Profiles of conservative tracers	199
	9.2. Profiles of a tracer with first-order decay: radiocarbon	203
	9.3. Tracers with zeroth order sources and sinks: oxygen, and nutrients	208
	9.4. Energy requirements for turbulent mixing	210
	10. Energetics of the THC	216
	10.1. Some thermodynamics	216
	10.2. Heat exchange with the atmosphere and heat fluxes	219
	10.3. The influence of the hydrological cycle	225
	10.4. The density boundary conditions	230
	10.5. The THC engine and Sandström's theorem	232
	11. Simple models, boundary conditions, and feedbacks	239
	11.1. Models and boundary conditions	239
	11.2. Random boundary conditions	241
	11.3. Boundary conditions for temperature and salinity with feedback	243
	11.4. A consequence of SST-dependent evaporation	247
	11.5. Consequences of restoring boundary conditions	248
	11.6. The single-hemispheric Stommel box model	252
	11.7. The interhemispheric Rooth box model	258
	11.8. The stability of Rooth's model	265
	11.9. Two-dimensional meridional models of the THC	270
	11.10. Three-dimensional ocean general circulation models	275
	12. The THC and different climates	279
	12.1. Climate variability in numerical simulations	279
	12.2. Paleoclimate changes	285
	12.3. The past THC from oxygen isotopes in marine sediments	289
	12.4. Stable carbon isotopes and the Atlantic paleo-THC	294
	12.5. Cadmium and barium as paleoceanographic tracers of the THC	301
	12.6. Stable carbon isotopes in the Southern Ocean	304
	12.7. Global water mass changes in the deep ocean	306
	12.8. Ocean ventilation age from radiocarbon in sediment cores	307
	12.9. A model interpretation of proxy data	311
	References	315
	Index	330