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Modeling of Biological Materials

:	Francesco Mollica, Luigi Preziosi, K. R. Rajagopal
:	Modeling of Biological Materials
:	Birkhäuser Basel
:	9780817644116
:	1
:	CHF 140.40
:

:	Medizin
:	English

:	368
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

This unique collection highlights the central role played by modeling in general, and the modeling of mechanical considerations that have an effect on living matter. The volume collects several survey papers by actively working specialists, dealing with some of the most important problems - both theoretical and practical - in biomechanics. Written in a user-friendly style, these papers clearly explain both the biomedical and mechanical backgrounds associated with complex phenomena. This book may be used in interdisciplinary introductory courses covering various biomechanical topics for graduate students in applied mathematics, engineering, and biomedicine.

2 Biochemical and Biomechanical Aspects of Blood Flow (p. 33-34)

M. Thiriet

REO team
Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, UMR CNRS 7598,
Universit´e Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, and
INRIA, BP 105, F-78153 Le Chesnay Cedex.

Abstract. The blood vital functions are adaptative and strongly regulated. The various processes associated with the .owing blood involve multiple space and time scales. Biochemical and biomechanical aspects of the human blood circulation are indeed strongly coupled. The functioning of the heart, the transduction of mechanical stresses applied by the .owing blood on the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the vessel wall, gives examples of the links between biochemistry and biomechanics in the physiology of the cardiovascular system and its regulation. The remodeling of the vessel of any site of the vasculature (blood vessels, heart) when the blood pressure increases, the angiogenesis, which occurs in tumors or which shunts a stenosed artery, illustrates pathophysiological processes. Moreover, focal wall pathologies, with the dysfunction of its biochemical machinery, such as lumen dilations (aneurisms) or narrowings (stenoses), are stress-dependent. This review is aimed at emphasizing the multidisciplinary aspects of investigations of multiple aspects of the blood flow.

2.1 Introduction

Biomechanics investigates the cardiovascular system by means of mechanical laws and principles. Biomechanical research related to the blood circulation is involved

1. In the motion of human beings, such as gait (blood supply, venous return in transiently compressed veins)
2. In organ rheology influenced by blood perfusion
3. In heat and mass transfer, especially in the context of mini-invasive therapy of tumors
4. Cell and tissue engineering
5. In the design of surgical repair and implantable medical devices

Macroscale biomechanical model of the cardiovascular system have been carried out with multiple goals:

1. Prediction
2. Development of pedagogical and medical tools
3. Computations of quantities inaccessible to measurements
4. Control
5. Optimization

In addition, macroscale simulations deal with subject-specific geometries, because of a high between-subject variability in anatomy, whatever the image-based approaches, either numerical and experimental methods, using stereolithography. The research indeed aims at developing computerassisted medical and surgical tools in order to learn, to explore, to plan, to guide, and to train to perform the tasks during interventional medicine and mini-invasive surgery. However, this last topic is beyond the goal of the present review.

	Table of Contents	6
	Preface	14
	Rheology of Living Materials	17
	1.1 Introduction	17
	1.1.1 What Is Rheology?	17
	1.1.2 Importance of Rheology in the Study of Biological Materials	18
	1.2 Rheological Models	19
	1.2.1 One-Dimensional Models	19
	1.2.2 Three-Dimensional Models	22
	1.3 Biological Materials	25
	1.3.1 Cells	25
	1.3.2 Tissues	26
	1.4 Measurements of Rheological Properties of Cells and Tissues	27
	1.4.1 Microrheology	27
	1.4.2 Macroscopic Tests	31
	1.5 Applications of Rheological Models	34
	1.5.1 Cells	34
	1.5.2 Tissues	38
	1.6 Conclusions	41
	1.7 References	42
	Biochemical and Biomechanical Aspects of Blood Flow	48
	2.1 Introduction	49
	2.2 Anatomy and Physiology Summary	50
	2.2.1 Heart	50
	2.2.2 Circulatory System	55
	2.2.3 Hemodynamics	56
	2.2.4 Lymphatics	57
	2.2.5 Microcirculation	58
	2.3 Blood	59
	2.3.1 Blood Cells	60
	2.3.2 Blood Rheology	63
	2.4 Signaling and Cell Stress-Reacting Components	64
	2.4.1 Cell Membrane	64
	2.4.2 Endocytosis	68
	2.4.3 Cell Cytoskeleton	68
	2.4.4 Adhesion Molecules	70
	2.4.5 Intercellular Junctions	71
	2.4.6 Extracellular Matrix	73
	2.4.7 Microrheology	74
	2.5 Heart Wall	75
	2.5.1 Cardiomyocyte	76
	2.5.2 Nodal Cells	79
	2.5.3 Excitation Contraction Coupling	80
	2.5.4 Vessel Wall	85
	2.5.5 Vessel Wall Rheology	91
	2.5.6 Growth, Repair, and Remodeling	92
	2.6 Cardiovascular Diseases	98
	2.6.1 Atheroma	98
	2.6.2 Aneurism	100
	2.7 Conclusion	101
	2.8 References	103
	Theoretical Modeling of Enlarging Intracranial Aneurysms	116
	3.1 Introduction	117
	3.2 Theoretical Framework	119
	3.2.1 Kinematics	119
	3.2.2 Fibrous Structure	121
	3.2.3 Kinetics of G	121
	122	121
	3.2.4 Stress-Mediated G	121
	122	121
	3.2.5 Stress and Strain Energy Function	123
	3.3 Simulations for Saccular Aneurysms	124
	3.3.1 Method	124
	3.3.2 Results	126
	3.4 Simulations for Fusiform Aneurysms	128
	3.4.1 Method	128
	3.4.2 Results	130
	3.5 Fluid Solid Interaction	133
	3.6 Discussion	136
	3.7 References	137
	Theoretical Modeling of Cyclically Loaded, Biodegradable Cylinders	139
	4.1 Cardiovascular Stents	141
	4.2 Biodegradable Stents	143
	4.3 Degradation, Erosion, and Elimination	147
	4.4 Models of Degradation and Erosion	151
	4.5 Model Description	153
	4.6 Methods	158
	4.7 Results	160
	4.7.1 On the In.uence of the Load	163
	4.7.2 On the In.uence of the Thickness of the Wall	166
	4.7.3 On the Role of the Constant Governing the Mechanical Properties Reduction, ß	169
	4.7.4 On the Parameter of the Mechanical Degradation Governing Equation, D(t)	170
	4.7.5 On the Shape of D(t)	171
	4.8 Discussion	172
	4.9 Conclusions	178
	4.10 References	179
	Regulation of Hemostatic System Function by Biochemical and Mechanical Factors	192
	5.1 Components of the Hemostatic System	193
	5.1.1 Platelets	193
	5.1.2 Coagulation Factors	196
	5.1.3 Anticoagulant Factors	199
	5.1.4 The Fibrinolytic System	200
	5.2 Vascular Physiology in the Context of Hemostasis	200
	5.2.1 Endothelial Regulation of Local Hemodynamics	201
	5.2.2 Platelet Endothelial Interactions	201
	5.2.3 Endothelial Regulation of the Coagulation Cascade	203
	5.3 Mechanics and E.ects on Hemostasis	204
	5.3.1 Mechanical Properties of Blood and Clots	204