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Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Fluxes and Processes Hydroelectric Reservoirs and Natural Environments

:	ALain Tremblay, Louis Varfalvy, Charlotte Roehm, Michelle Garneau
:	A. Tremblay, Louis Varfalvy, Charlotte Roehm, Michelle Garneau
:	Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Fluxes and Processes Hydroelectric Reservoirs and Natural Environments
:	Springer-Verlag
:	9783540266433
:	1
:	CHF 317.30
:

:	Geologie
:	English

:	732
:	Wasserzeichen/DRM
:	PC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
:	PDF

In a time when an unquestionable link between anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and climatic changes has finally been acknowledged and * widely documented through IPCC reports, the need for precise estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) production rates and emissions from natural as well as managed ecosystems has risen to a critical level. Future agreements between nations concerning the reduction of their GHG emissions will - pend upon precise estimates of the present level of these emissions in both natural and managed terrestrial and aquatic environments. From this viewpoint, the present volume should prove to a benchmark contribution because it provides very carefully assessed values for GHG emissions or exchanges between critical climatic zones in aquatic en- ronments and the atmosphere. It also provides unique information on the biases of different measurement methods that may account for some of the contradictory results that have been published recently in the literature on this subject. Not only has a large array of current measurement methods been tested concurrently here, but a few new approaches have also been developed, notably laser measurements of atmospheric CO concentration 2 gradients. Another highly useful feature of this book is the addition of - nitoring and process studies as well as modeling.

	Foreword	5
	Contents	7
	Editorial Committee	20
	External Reviewers	21
	List of contributors	22
	Glossary	28
	Résumé-Synthèse	29
	Les gaz à effet de serre dans les milieux naturels	30
	La problématique des gaz à effet de serre dans les réservoirs hydroélectriques	35
	1 Introduction	48
	1.1 Greenhouse Gases and Reservoirs	48
	1.2 Reservoir Dynamics	54
	1.3 Contents and Rationales	59
	Gross Emissions	62
	2 Analytical Techniques for Measuring Fluxes of CO2 and CH4 from Hydroelectric Reservoirs and Natural Water Bodies	63
	Abstract	63
	2.1 Introduction	64
	2.2 History of the Methods Used by Hydro-Québec	64
	2.3 Description of the Methods	65
	2.4 Comparison of the Different Methods	73
	2.5 Conclusion	86
	3 Development and Use of an Experimental near Infrared Open Path Diode Laser Prototype for Continuous Measurement of CO2 and CH4 Fluxes from Boreal Hydro Reservoirs and Lakes	87
	Abstract	87
	3.1 Introduction	88
	3.2 Methodology	89
	3.3 Experimental Set-Up and Technique	92
	3.4 Major Results and Discussion	97
	3.5 Conclusion and Directions for Future Work	110
	4 Greenhouse Gas Fluxes ( CO2, CH4 and N2O) in Forests and Wetlands of Boreal, Temperate and Tropical Regions	112
	Abstract	112
	4.1 Introduction	113
	4.2 Net Ecosystem Exchange of CO2 ( NEE) in Forests	114
	4.3 Net Ecosystem Exchange of CO2 in Wetlands	122
	4.4 CH4 Fluxes in Wetlands	126
	4.5 CH4 Fluxes in Forests	138
	4.6 N2O Fluxes in Forest and Wetland Soils	141
	4.7 N2O in Wetlands	145
	4.8 GHG Budgets in Forests and Wetlands	145
	4.9 General Evaluation of Gas Flux Data	150
	5 Diffuse Flux of Greenhouse Gases – Methane and Carbon Dioxide – at the Sediment- Water Interface of Some Lakes and Reservoirs of the World	153
	Abstract	153
	5.1 Introduction	154
	5.2 Lakes and Reservoirs Sampled in this Study	157
	5.3 Results and Discussion	166
	5.4 Conclusions	176
	Acknowledgements	176
	6 Organic Carbon Densities of Soils and Vegetation of Tropical, Temperate and Boreal Forests	178
	Abstract	178
	6.1 Introduction	179
	6.2 Soil Organic Carbon Density	180
	6.3 Physical and Biological Factors Affecting SOC Density	188
	6.4 Uncertainties of SOC Estimates	192
	6.5 Organic Carbon in Vegetation	193
	6.6 High Spatial Heterogeneity of Biomass	196
	6.7 Uncertainties in Evaluating the Organic Carbon in Vegetation	201
	6.8 Total Carbon Densities and Stocks of Forest Biomes	204
	6.9 Export of Organic Carbon to Aquatic Ecosystems	206
	6.10 Conclusion	208
	7 Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions from Estuaries	209
	Abstract	209
	7.1 Introduction	210
	7.2 Estuaries: Some Useful Definitions for Describing Carbon Cycling and Gas Emissions	210
	7.3 Organic Carbon Sources and Mineralization in Estuaries	212
	7.4 Estuarine Specificity for Gas Transfer	213
	7.5 Carbon Dioxide Emissions	216
	7.6 Methane Emissions	222
	7.7 Significance at the Global Scale	228
	Acknowledgments	229
	8 GHG Emissions from Boreal Reservoirs and Natural Aquatic Ecosystems	230
	Abstract	230
	8.1 Introduction	230
	8.2 Material and Methods	231
	8.3 Results and Discussion	239
	8.4 Conclusion	252
	9 CO2 Emissions from Semi- Arid Reservoirs and Natural Aquatic Ecosystems	254
	Abstract	254
	9.1 Introduction	254
	9.2 Material and Methods	255
	9.3 Results and Discussion	264
	9.4 Conclusion	271
	10 A Comparison of Carbon Dioxide Net Production in Three Flooded Uplands ( FLUDEX, 1999- 2002) and a Flooded Wetland ( ELARP, 1991- 2002) Using a Dynamic Model	272
	Abstract	272
	10.1 Introduction	272
	10.2 Methods	274
	10.3 Results	278
	10.4 Discussion	282
	10.5 Conclusions	286
	11 Gross Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Brazilian Hydro Reservoirs	287
	Abstract	287
	11.1 Introduction	287
	11.2 Material and Methods	288
	11.3 Methodology	289
	11.4 Results and Discussion: Gross Emissions of CO2 and CH4 from Brazilian Power Dams	291
	11.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Orientations	299
	11.6 Annex	301
	Acknowledgements	311
	12 Long Term Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Hydroelectric Reservoir of Petit Saut ( French Guiana) and Potential Impacts	312
	Abstract	312
	12.1 Introduction	312
	12.2 Experimental Site and Campaigns	314
	12.3 Results	316
	12.4 Conclusion and Perspective	328
	Acknowledgments	331
	Processes Leading to GHG Production	332
	13 Production of GHG from the Decomposition of in vitro Inundated Phytomass and Soil	333
	Abstract	333
	13.1 Introduction	334
	13.2 Methodology	336
	13