This volume contains 23 articles on algebraic analysis of differential equations and related topics, most of which were presented as papers at the conference 'Algebraic Analysis of Differential Equations - from Microlocal Analysis to Exponential Asymptotics' at Kyoto University in 2005. This volume is dedicated to Professor Takahiro Kawai, who is one of the creators of microlocal analysis and who introduced the technique of microlocal analysis into exponential asymptotics.