| Contents | 6 |
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| Abbreviations | 9 |
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| Preface | 10 |
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| 1 The Ear | 12 |
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| 1.1 Functional considerations | 12 |
| 1.1.1 The ear as sensory organ | 12 |
| 1.1.2. Middle ear matches different impedances | 13 |
| 1.1.3 Organ of Corti, sensory organ for hearing | 14 |
| 1.1.4 Ascending and descending pathways for hearing | 16 |
| 1.1.5 Vestibular organ, the key to postural reflexes and eye movement | 16 |
| 1.2 History and clinical signs | 17 |
| 1.2.1 History | 17 |
| 1.2.2 Clinical signs | 18 |
| 1.2.3 Physical examination | 20 |
| 1.3 Special diagnostic techniques | 20 |
| 1.3.1 Otoscopic examination | 21 |
| 1.3.2 Diagnostic imaging of the ear | 23 |
| 1.3.3 Tympanometry | 26 |
| 1.3.4 Neurological examination for vestibular dysfunction | 27 |
| 1.3.5 Hearing tests | 27 |
| 1.4 Congenital diseases of the ear | 30 |
| 1.4.1 Congenital deformity of the external ear | 30 |
| 1.4.2 Congenital deafness | 30 |
| 1.5 Inflammatory diseases of the ear | 32 |
| 1.5.1 Primary and secondary skin diseases of the auricle | 32 |
| 1.5.2 Perichondritis and chondritis of the auricle | 34 |
| 1.5.3 Cold agglutination and cutaneous vasculitis of the auricle | 35 |
| 1.5.4 Inflammatory diseases of the external ear canal | 35 |
| 1.5.5 Inflammation of the tympanic membrane | 41 |
| 1.5.6 Inflammatory disease of the middle ear | 41 |
| 1.5.7 Labyrinthitis | 45 |
| 1.6 Tumors of the ear | 46 |
| 1.6.1 Malignant tumors of the auricle | 46 |
| 1.6.2 Malignant tumors of the external ear canal | 47 |
| 1.6.3 Tumors of the middle ear | 48 |
| 1.7 Trauma to the ear | 48 |
| 1.7.1 Trauma to the auricle | 48 |
| 1.7.2 Auricular hematoma | 49 |
| 1.7.3 Trauma to the external ear canal | 49 |
| 1.7.4 Trauma to the tympanic membrane | 50 |
| 1.7.5 Trauma to the temporal bone | 51 |
| 1.8 Ototoxicity | 52 |
| 1.9 Hearing in dogs and cats | 53 |
| 1.9.1 Hearing and hearing loss in dogs | 54 |
| 1.9.2 Brain stem auditory evoked responses in dogs | 54 |
| 1.9.3 Hearing and hearing loss in cats | 57 |
| 1.9.4 Brain stem auditory evoked responses in cats | 57 |
| References | 58 |
| 2 The Nose and Nasal Sinuses | 62 |
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| 2.1 Functional considerations | 62 |
| 2.1.1 Regulation and conditioning of the inspiratory and expiratory airflow | 62 |
| 2.1.2 Mucosal cleaning | 63 |
| 2.1.3 Olfaction | 64 |
| 2.1.4 Specific functional systems | 64 |
| 2.2 History and clinical signs | 64 |
| 2.2.1 History | 64 |
| 2.2.2 Clinical signs | 65 |
| 2.2.3 Physical examination | 66 |
| 2.3 Special diagnostic techniques | 66 |
| 2.3.1 Diagnostic imaging | 67 |
| 2.3.2 Rhinoscopy | 68 |
| 2.3.3 Olfactory tests | 70 |
| 2.4 Congenital diseases of the nose and nasal sinuses | 71 |
| 2.4.1 Congenital malformation of the nasal plane | 71 |
| 2.4.2 Nasal dermoid sinus cysts | 73 |
| 2.4.3 Congenital cerebrospinal fluid fistula | 73 |
| 2.4.4 Congenital malformation of the frontal sinuses | 73 |
| 2.4.5 Congenital ciliary dysfunction | 73 |
| 2.5 Rhinitis and sinusitis | 74 |
| 2.5.1 Infectious rhinitis and sinusitis | 74 |
| 2.5.2 Noninfectious rhinitis and sinusitis | 79 |
| 2.6 Tumors of the nasal plane, the nasal<
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