| Acknowledgements | 4 |
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| Contents | 6 |
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| Contributors | 8 |
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| Introduction | 9 |
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| Macroevolution and Archaeology | 10 |
| Taxic Macroevolution | 11 |
| Evolutionary Anthropology | 12 |
| Units, Boundaries, and Heritability | 13 |
| Explanation and Evolutionary Process | 15 |
| Macroevolution and Human Prehistory | 19 |
| Issues in Cultural Macroevolution | 19 |
| Emergence of Cultural Variants | 20 |
| Cultural Expansion, Stasis, and Extinction as Macroevolutionary Processes | 20 |
| Closing Reflections: Archaeological Approaches to Macroevolution | 21 |
| References | 22 |
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| Part I Issues in Macroevolutionary Theory | 28 |
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| 1 Proximate Causation, Group Selection, and the Evolution of Hierarchical Human Societies: System, Process, and Pattern | 29 |
| Introduction | 29 |
| Evolution and Multilevel Selection | 31 |
| Reductionism and Social Complexity | 32 |
| Process, Culture, and Constraint | 36 |
| Social Complexity and Group Selection | 38 |
| Proximate Causation and Exaptation | 41 |
| Conflict, Conflict Resolution, and Proximate Causation | 43 |
| Structural Variability, Structural Similarity, and Selection | 47 |
| Discussion | 49 |
| Notes | 50 |
| References | 51 |
| 2 Landscape Learning in Relation to Evolutionary Theory | 56 |
| Introduction | 56 |
| Gathering Environmental Information | 57 |
| Landscape Learning and Colonization | 59 |
| Landscape Learning at the Macroscale | 61 |
| Holons and Adaptive Landscape | 64 |
| Case Studies | 66 |
| Early Hominids | 66 |
| Recolonization of Britain at the End of the Last Ice Age | 68 |
| South Pass City, Wyoming 1867--1872 | 69 |
| Conclusions | 70 |
| References | 72 |
| 3 The Multiplication of Forms: Bering Strait Harpoon Heads as a Demic and Macroevolutionary Proxy | 77 |
| Introduction | 77 |
| The Conundrum of Style and Function in Arctic Archaeology | 85 |
| Regional or Ethnic Differences in Aesthetic Overlays | 87 |
| The Utility of Harpoon Heads in Defining Cultural Blue Prints | 90 |
| Resolving the Classificatory Mire and Defining Macroevolutionary Trends | 93 |
| The Winged Object as an Ethnic Denominator | 94 |
| Defining Cultural and Ethnic Units in Bering Strait: Old Bering Sea, Punuk and Birnirk/Thule | 96 |
| Ethnicity in Burial Assemblages | 96 |
| Mutual Exclusivity of Birnirk and Punuk Across Bering Strait | 99 |
| The Timing of the Shifts in Bering Strait Adaptive Strategies | 101 |
| Causation of the Shifts in Bering Strait Adaptive Strategies | 101 |
| Aesthetics, Mobility, and Subsistence Production | 103 |
| Conclusions | 104 |
| Notes | 105 |
| References | 105 |
| Part II Macroevolutionary Approaches to Cultural Change | 112 |
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| 4 The Emergence of New Socioeconomic Strategies in theMiddle and Late Holocene Pacific Northwest Regionof North America | 113 |
| Introduction | 113 |
| Emergence in Paleobiology | 114 |
| Emergence in Archaeology | 115 |
| Pacific Northwest Prehistory | 117 |
| Emergent Collectors | 119 |
| Emergent Complex Collectors | 122 |
| Discussion | 127 |
| Notes | 128 |
| References | 128 |
| 5 Testing the Morphogenesist Model of Primary State Formation: The Zapotec Case | 134 |
| Introduction | 134 |
| A Model of Primary State Formation | 136 |
| Empirical Application | 141 |
| Conclusion | 152 |
| References | 152 |
| 6 Evolutionary Biology and the Emergence of Agriculture: The Value of Co-opted Models of Evolution in the Study of Culture Change | 157 |
| Introduction | 157 |
| Neo-Darwinian Selectionist Archaeology | 158 |
| Macroevolutionary Archaeology | 160 |
| Human Behavioral Ecology | 165 |
| Agricultural Origins in the Near East | 170 |
| Material Culture Attributes (Components 8--10) | 175 |
| Sedentism and Storage (Components 3 and 4) | 175 |
| Population Growth (Component 2) | 177 |
| Mechanisms for Social Cohesion (Component 6) | 178 |
| Magico-religious Traditions Emphasizing Fertility (Component 7) | 180 |
| Trade Networks (Component 5) | 181 |
| Agricultural Economy Based on Plant and Animal Domesticates (Component 1) | 181 |
| The Utility of Co-opted Evolutionary Models in Explaining Agricultural Emergence in the Near East | 187 |
| Locus of Change (Macro vs. Micro) | 187 |
| Tempo of Change (Punctuated vs. Gradual) | 190 |
| Directedness of Change (Directed vs. Undirected) | 192 |
| Human Intent in Culture Change (Lots vs. None) | 193 |
| Conclusions | 196 |
| References | 197 |
| Part III Cultural Diversification, Stasis and Extinction as Macroevolutionary Processes | 211 |
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| 7 A Macroevolutionary Perspective on the Archaeological Record of North America | 212 |
| Introduction | 212 |
| The Evolving Entity | 213 |
| Selection and the Manifestation of Fitness | 214 |
| Stabilizing Selection and the Emerge
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