| Cover | 1 |
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| Contents | 6 |
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| Foreword | 8 |
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| Preface | 9 |
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| Community-Associated Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus | 12 |
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| Abstract | 12 |
| S. aureus, MRSA and Community-Associated Infections: Background | 12 |
| Rapid Increase in CA-MRSA Incidence | 14 |
| Risk Factors, Clinical Manifestations and Transmission | 14 |
| Differences between CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA | 16 |
| Molecular Epidemiology of CA-MRSA | 16 |
| Staphylococcal Chromosomal Cassette-Type Element | 17 |
| Pathogenesis of CA-MRSA Infecti | 17 |
| Virulence Factors | 20 |
| Diagnosis | 20 |
| Treatment | 21 |
| Prevention | 25 |
| References | 26 |
| Infections with Organisms Producing Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase | 32 |
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| Abstract | 32 |
| Introduction | 32 |
| Host Range and Prevalence of ESBLs | 33 |
| Risk Factors for Colonization and Infection with Hospital-Acquired ESBL Producers | 35 |
| Risk Factors for Colonization and Infection with Health Care-Associated ESBL Producers | 35 |
| Infection Control and ESBL-Producing Organisms | 36 |
| Laboratory Detection of ESBL Production by Gram-Negative Bacilli | 38 |
| Treatment of Infection with ESBL-Producing Organisms | 39 |
| Conclusions | 40 |
| References | 41 |
| Fluoroquinolone Resistance: Challenges for Disease Control | 46 |
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| Abstract | 46 |
| Mechanisms of Resistance | 48 |
| Detection of Resistance in the Clinical Laboratory | 48 |
| Prevalence of Resistance in Selected Pathogens | 49 |
| Therapeutic and Public Health Implications of Resistance | 52 |
| Drivers of Resistance | 54 |
| Conclusion | 57 |
| References | 57 |
| Antibiotic Resistance and Community-Acquired Pneumonia during an Influenza Pandemic | 62 |
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| Abstract | 62 |
| Epidemiology of Bacterial Community-Acquired Pneumonia During Inter-Pandemic Periods in the United States | 62 |
| Biological Mechanisms for Interactions Between Influenza and Bacterial CAP | 64 |
| Epidemiologic Evidence That Influenza Increases the Risk of Bacterial CAP | 65 |
| Relationship Between Past and Future Pandemics | 71 |
| Strategies for Reducing Secondary Pneumonia Caused by Resistant Bacteria during a Pandemic | 73 |
| Future Directions | 75 |
| Acknowledgments | 75 |
| References | 75 |
| Promoting Appropriate Antimicrobial Drug Use in the Outpatient Setting: What Works? | 81 |
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| Abstract | 81 |
| Trends in Outpatient Antimicrobial Utilization | 83 |
| Interventions to Improve Outpatient Antimicrobial Use | 84 |
| Clinical Decision Support to Improve Antimicrobial Prescribing | 89 |
| Health Plan Performance Measures to Promote Improved Prescribing | 90 |
| AHRQ Analysis of Quality Improvement Strategies for Antimicrobial Prescribing | 91 |
| Doctor-Patient Communication and Its Influence on Antimicrobial Prescribing | 93 |
| Future Directions | 96 |
| References | 97 |
| Reducing Antimicrobial-Resistant Infections in Health Care Settings: What Works? | 100 |
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| Abstract | 100 |
| Overview | 100 |
| Antibiotic Control | 101 |
| Infection-Control Practices | 103 |
| Isolation Precautions | 107 |
| Prevention of Infection to Prevent Resistance | 109 |
| Future Approaches | 110 |
| References | 111 |
| Cost of Antimicrobial Resistance in Healthcare Settings: A Critical Review | 113 |
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| Abstract | 113 |
| Global Estimates of Cost | 114 |
| Perspective | 114 |
| Literature Review | 114 |
| Methodological Issues | 123 |
| Cost of Prevention | 126 |
| Future Directions | 128 |
| References | 129 |
| Mass Treatment of Parasitic Disease: Implications for the Development and Spread of Anthelmintic Resistance | 131 |
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| Abstract | 131 |
| Mass Treatment of Parasitic Disease | 133 |
| Summary of Main Mechanisms of Action in Anthelmintics | 136 |
| Summary of Main Mechanisms of Resistance | 137 |
| Molecular and Parasitological Evidence Suggesting the Development of Resistance in Filarial Parasites | 138 |
| Factors Influencing the Spread of Anthelminthic Resistance | 139 |
| Use of Mathematical Models | 141 |
| Hookworm: Does Resistance Already Exist? | 144 |
| Conclusions | 145 |
| References | 146 |
| Antifungal Drug Resistance: Clinical Importance, in vitro Detection and Implications for Prophylaxis and Treatment | 149 |
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| Abstract | 149 |
| Invasive Fungal Infections | 149 |
| Antifungal Drugs in Clinical Use | 151 |
| Microbiological Resistance versus Clinical Resistance | 154 |
| Prevention of Invasive Fungal Infections | 157 |
| References | 159 |
| Preparing for HIV Drug Resistance in the Developing World | 165 |
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| Abstract | 165 |
| HIV Drug Resistance and Antiretroviral Treatment Scale-Up in Resource-Limited Countries | 165 |
| HIV Drug Resistance Associated with Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission | 172 |
| Transmission of HIV Drug Resistance | 173 |
| Summary | 175 |
| References | 176 |
| Author Index | 182 |
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| Subject Index | 183 |